The Heartbeat of Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Heartbeat of Culture - Essay Example Levine put together his examination with respect to three variables, which are the exactness of the country’s clock, the speed at which people on foot walk, and the normal time that postal assistant sell stamps. Albeit a few pundits accept that these components are minor to decide the pace of life, the truth is that these variables are exact in characterizing society. It is significant to take note of that, timeliness is confined to certain social orders. It is certain reality that various societies have diverse impression about time. Fundamentally, a few nations are increasingly obliging about time. For example, when one has an arrangement, one is relied upon to be on schedule or prior in America. As indicated by the creator, Americans are not normal for Brazilians who once in a while keep time. It has likewise been seen that, American understudies keep time and finish their ventures on schedule. As per this article, Americans are known for their promptness. They put forth a valiant effort to be on schedule and by and large many would go to gatherings prior that the time planned. Structure most Americans, dependability is a solid trait since it characterizes the proficiency of an individual. With the quick paced way of life of Americans, the vast majority have set up the need to keep time. The writer spellbinds readers’ consideration when he diagrams how most American understudies would leave the homeroom without authorization.

SAY GOOD NIGHT GRACIE essays

State GOOD NIGHT GRACIE expositions State Goodnight, Gracie is a book composed by Julie Reece Deaver. She experienced childhood in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. This happens to be her first novel. This is a fiction book that fits into the class of reasonable fiction. The story happens in Chicago Illinois in the late 1980s . Jimmy Woolf and Morgan Hackett, who are both seventeen have known each other their entire lives. Their moms were secondary school companions. They were brought together in the maternity wing at Geneva Hospital, the week they were conceived. From that point forward, Jimmy and Morgan have been closest companions. Jimmy wanted to move and Morgan likes to act. So all through midtown Chicago they go for classes and tryouts. Morgan and Jimmy ordinarily discard school to make tryouts and Jimmy had a major one coming up for Oklahoma. So he and Morgan went. The choreographer solicited them to move two by two from six and he would call the great ones to desire the finals. Jimmy got a call and was asked back on Saturday. He got a call that said it was changed to Friday, so Morgan and Jimmy jettison school to go. At the venue Jimmy was genuine apprehensive and completely besieged on the tryout. He was genuine vexed and directed a few sentiments toward Morgan that made her cry. At that point Morg an blew up and raced to the emergency clinic to see her Aunt Lo. Her auntie is a therapist. At the medical clinic she revealed to her auntie the story, and Loey advised her to go through the night at her home. Her auntie reveals to her she is hosting a gathering and to get wearing the new garments she purchased for her. At the gathering, Morgan at long last consents to converse with Jimmy and they settle it with a cushion battle. Her auntie is remaining in the entryway giggling in light of the fact that she realized they would make up. Jimmy expected to converse with Morgan and to escape from everybody they went into the parlor. There, Jimmy disclosed to Morgan he was going to begin working at the Childrens theater once more. He requested that Morgan be a right hand and she concurred. May I say, reluctantly. Morgan started her activity in early Novem... <!

Resume Tips for Full-Time Parents Returning to Work

Resume Tips for Full-Time Parents Returning to Work Have you been looking after the kids for the past few years? But now they are growing up and you’re itching to get back to work? Returning to work after you’ve been a full-time parent can seem intimidating.Everyone’s constantly talking about the cutthroat job market, what chance do you have? And how can you ever create a resume â€" you can’t list fixing breakfast as a skill, can you?Fear no more! With the right resume, you can get your job hunt sorted and get ready for work. Here are the tips for sorting out your resume and getting yourself back on the career ladder. KNOW THE KIND OF WORK YOU ARE LOOKING FORBefore you start worrying about your resume, you should define what kind of roles you are looking for. Best resumes are tailored to the role and you can’t be effective with your job-hunting if you don’t know what you want. It’s extremely hard to create a successful resume with the simple premise of wanting a job, any job. What job exactly? The resume to become a brain surgeon or a waitress will look different.But for parents returning to work, there is another important aspect to think about. It’s the previous experience you might or might not have. For full-time parents, the key is to answer these two questions:Am I going to be picking up the career I left behind when I started the family?Am I going to be looking for a career in something completely new?Knowing which one you are doing will help you pick the right resume format. It makes listing the right skills, qualifications and accomplishment easier. You know if you’ll be working with things you’ve already done in the past and relying on your previous work experience or if you need to emphasize transferable skills.PICK THE BEST RESUME FORMATResumes come in all shapes and sizes. But as mentioned above, the most important thing is to tailor it based on the job and your current experience and skill level. If you don’t consider these two things, you’ll end up with the hiring manager’s nightmare â€" a resume with no focus or soul.Three resume scenariosFor returning parents, the key is to pick the right resume template based on those skills and qualifications. The returning full-time parent typically faces three different scenarios:They have a lot of professional experience (I just took a few years off to stay with the kids),They have little previous experience (I started my career but quickly decided to stay at home with the kids), andThey have no real previous work experience (I didn’t really get into the career ladder).Below are tips for each situati on and a quick resume format to follow.Scenario 1. Returning parents with lots of professional experienceIf you worked for a long-time prior to staying home with the kids, you can use a combination resume or even opt for your average chronological resume. You’re in a strong position â€" your past experience will be to your advantage even though you’ve taken a bit of time off. In order to address this short time gap, you could opt for the combination resume.Here’s a quick format for a resume that would fit the situation:Your contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleProfessional experienceAdd the job title and the organisation, as well as when you workedUnder each role list the most important responsibilities and skills usedEducation All relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year o f graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantScenario 2. Returning parents with little previous experienceOn the other hand, you might have just a sliver of experience. You should definitely use this to your advantage in the resume. If your experience is not directly related to the field you want to get into, you can focus on the transferable skills but also highlight any relevant education you may have.Your contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleEducationAll relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year of graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantProfessional experienceAdd the job title and the organisati on, as well as when you workedUnder each role list the most important responsibilities and skills usedScenario 3. Returning parents with no previous experienceYou might have, of course, spent most of your adult life as a full-time parent. It might be that you don’t have any real valuable work experience and even your education might be limited. You still have options to make your resume look good!In these circumstances, you need to focus on utilizing any volunteering work you’ve done during your time at home. You should also consider adding any freelancing work you might have done â€" even if it’s something like selling old baby clothes on eBay.The format could follow a functional resume format. This could look something like this:Contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleEducationAll relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year of graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantRelevant skillsList any other skills that are relevant for the position you are applying forFocus on transferable skillsEmphasize any positions of importance you might have held (board member at school board and so on)Now, if you’re lacking in education, you can place the relevant skills first and mention your education at the end. If you don’t have notable experience or education, it’s vital to boost your resume by gaining either experience or skills. You can find out how to bolster your resume in the following sections.BE UPFRONT ABOUT YOUR EMPLOYMENT GAPNo matter what kind of resume format you’ll end up using, you don’t want to try hiding your employment gap. There is no point in trying to pretend it isn’t there. There isn’t anything wrong about taking time away from the career ladder and looking after a family.When you are returning or looking to return on the career ladder, the best bet is to be honest and upfront about having been off the ladder for a while.You should definitely include a summary paragraph to your resume and use it as an opportunity to briefly mention your current situation. You can use the section to outline your intention to return to work after staying at home with the children. Most hiring managers will tell you having a family won’t really work against you â€" there are much worse reasons to have an employment gap in your resume.Now, your resume doesn’t have to be the only place to talk about the employment gap. You can also bring it up in your cover letter. This can allow you to be more detailed about your situation and write a more in-depth section about the benefits of having stayed at home in terms of returning to work life.NEVER USE DOMESTIC WORK AS A SKILLWhilst domestic duties and looking after kids are hugely valuable things and they teach many important life lessons, don’t try using them as skills on your resume. People have sometimes written things like “CEO of the Family” to their resume but this won’t impress the hiring manager. In fact, it looks rather silly and it’s not a professional way to talk about your time as a stay-at-home parent.Avoid the temptation to write about your time managing school runs or your skills at organizing the laundry â€" these kinds of domestic tasks don’t have a place in your resume. The Independent published an article on the matter, with a one recruiter saying,“More galling are the claims that women make about the critical role they played â€" with my favorite being the one who ‘spent seven years looking after my two children who need and deserved my attention’”.The point the hiring manager is making is not that the work you have done isn’t valuable but, as she put it, you shouldn’t “put this kind of waffle on your CV”. There are other ways of focusing on your transferable skills.FOCUS ON TRANSFERABLE SKILLS AND VOLUNTEERING WORKNow, the above doesn’t mean you shouldn’t use transferable skills to benefit your resume. As mentioned earlier, transferable skills are a wonderful way to talk about your skills and to highlight your suitability for the role. The key is to avoid using clichéd job titles or listing your skills as purely domestic (such as doing the laundry, for instance). You definitely want the focus to be on skills and achievements you’ve done outside of your domestic life. The truth is you’ve probably been involved with many projects you just didn’t necessarily count as valuable things to put on your resume.The correct way to do it is to focus on highlighting those skills and qualifications that help you in your professional life. For instance, take the skill all employers love: organizational skills. You might have been in charge of the school’s baking sales or you’ve volunteered for the sports club and helped organize tournaments. These situations showcase this valuable transferable skill. It’s important to utilize these in your resume.Here’s a great video about transferable skills being a full-time parent can provide you with: If you’ve also held an un-paid or unpaid position in an organization, such as the school’s parental board or the board of the local sports club, then you should also list this on the resume. These kinds of roles show you’ve been a respected member in the community, you’ve taken responsibility, and you’ve been in a leadership position and so on.It’s always good if you can quantify these skills and experiences. For example, consider the two examples you might add to your resume:“Selling old baby clothing on eBay.”“Managed an online retail business that sold clothing worth $10,000 over a five-year period”It’s essentially the same thing â€" so you are not lying â€" but the latter statement looks a lot more professional. Addin g quantities always adds volume to your resume. Again, consider these two examples:“Took care of the budget for local sports club and gathered donations.”“Handled a $5,000 budget of the local sports club for two years, increasing donations by 20%.”You add more context with the latter example and you give a more tangible proof of your finance skills! Of course, the key here is to make sure you’re not lying â€" you can’t make up those numbers. But a lot of this information is probably available to you. It is possible to look at the earnings, percentages or the timeline of events.What if you feel like you still didn’t have those types of experiences? Maybe you stayed home looking after triplets or cared for a special needs child and you just didn’t have time to sit in the school board or organize sports clubs. You should be upfront about this in the career object or executive summary.In addition, these can also teach you valuable skills that are worth mentioning. For ex ample, you could say something like:“Researched and organized a four-person nursing ring for my special needs child.”“Oversaw a $200,000 house renovation project for a year.”Furthermore, it’s a good idea to talk about the soft skills â€" you’ve probably noticed an improved skill to broker conflict resolution between warring children and getting along with all sorts of people from doctors to teachers. Things like communication skills and negotiating skills are something employers are always looking for.CONSIDER BOLSTERING YOUR CURRENT SKILLSThe above tips will help you format and edit your resume. But you might still feel it is lacking in content â€" it can seem hard to find relevant transferable skills and if you’ve stayed at home for most of your adult life, you might find your experience just isn’t there. Don’t worry; there is a final way you can improve your resume. You can bolster and broaden your skill set.Being a full-time parent doesn’t mean you can’t do anything else, especially if your kids are growing up and they don’t need as much attention. You could start your march back to work by taking up a volunteer role or simply working part-time.This gives you a chance to build up your resume and it gives you a softer landing back to working life.Volunteering opportunities for full-time parents:Helping the local sports or youth groupEnlisting as a babysitter/tutor/friend through friendship and mentoring programsWorking at a local animal centreJoining up with conservation and nature groups to look after local parksPart-time work ideas for full-time parents:Online work â€" writing, bookkeeping, editing, photographingWorking as a cashier, waitress, or other relatively low-skilled roleSelling things onlineYou could also improve your skills with the help of online courses. These will also help add depth and professionalism to your resume. You can find all sorts of online courses and some of them are even free! Have a look at these website s for course ideas:Udemy.com â€" courses ranging from marketing to music.Futurelearn.com â€" courses ranging from psychology to accounting.Edx.org â€" courses ranging from business to language studies.Coursera.org â€" courses ranging from data science to programming.Now, certain courses online and offline might provide you with official certification, which might be useful in your career. These certificate programs are often not as intensive as full-time studies and you can take them while staying home to look after the kids.So, if you are planning to get back to work, you might want to consider enrolling on a course like this. You could do it a few years before you think you’d start looking for a job â€" a great way to prepare your resume!THE BOTTOM LINEDon’t be daunted by writing the resume when you’re a full-time parent returning to work. There are many things you’ve probably done while staying at home and as the examples above show, numerous ways to boost your resume. Th e most important thing is to stay honest and avoid clichéd statements about your time at home.Focus on transferable skills and pick the resume format that best highlights your strongest points. You want to ensure you address the gap by showing how you’ve kept updating your skills and stayed active even though you haven’t been on the career ladder. This will help you create a resume that’ll land you a new job!

Resume Tips for Full-Time Parents Returning to Work

Resume Tips for Full-Time Parents Returning to Work Have you been looking after the kids for the past few years? But now they are growing up and you’re itching to get back to work? Returning to work after you’ve been a full-time parent can seem intimidating.Everyone’s constantly talking about the cutthroat job market, what chance do you have? And how can you ever create a resume â€" you can’t list fixing breakfast as a skill, can you?Fear no more! With the right resume, you can get your job hunt sorted and get ready for work. Here are the tips for sorting out your resume and getting yourself back on the career ladder. KNOW THE KIND OF WORK YOU ARE LOOKING FORBefore you start worrying about your resume, you should define what kind of roles you are looking for. Best resumes are tailored to the role and you can’t be effective with your job-hunting if you don’t know what you want. It’s extremely hard to create a successful resume with the simple premise of wanting a job, any job. What job exactly? The resume to become a brain surgeon or a waitress will look different.But for parents returning to work, there is another important aspect to think about. It’s the previous experience you might or might not have. For full-time parents, the key is to answer these two questions:Am I going to be picking up the career I left behind when I started the family?Am I going to be looking for a career in something completely new?Knowing which one you are doing will help you pick the right resume format. It makes listing the right skills, qualifications and accomplishment easier. You know if you’ll be working with things you’ve already done in the past and relying on your previous work experience or if you need to emphasize transferable skills.PICK THE BEST RESUME FORMATResumes come in all shapes and sizes. But as mentioned above, the most important thing is to tailor it based on the job and your current experience and skill level. If you don’t consider these two things, you’ll end up with the hiring manager’s nightmare â€" a resume with no focus or soul.Three resume scenariosFor returning parents, the key is to pick the right resume template based on those skills and qualifications. The returning full-time parent typically faces three different scenarios:They have a lot of professional experience (I just took a few years off to stay with the kids),They have little previous experience (I started my career but quickly decided to stay at home with the kids), andThey have no real previous work experience (I didn’t really get into the career ladder).Below are tips for each situati on and a quick resume format to follow.Scenario 1. Returning parents with lots of professional experienceIf you worked for a long-time prior to staying home with the kids, you can use a combination resume or even opt for your average chronological resume. You’re in a strong position â€" your past experience will be to your advantage even though you’ve taken a bit of time off. In order to address this short time gap, you could opt for the combination resume.Here’s a quick format for a resume that would fit the situation:Your contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleProfessional experienceAdd the job title and the organisation, as well as when you workedUnder each role list the most important responsibilities and skills usedEducation All relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year o f graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantScenario 2. Returning parents with little previous experienceOn the other hand, you might have just a sliver of experience. You should definitely use this to your advantage in the resume. If your experience is not directly related to the field you want to get into, you can focus on the transferable skills but also highlight any relevant education you may have.Your contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleEducationAll relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year of graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantProfessional experienceAdd the job title and the organisati on, as well as when you workedUnder each role list the most important responsibilities and skills usedScenario 3. Returning parents with no previous experienceYou might have, of course, spent most of your adult life as a full-time parent. It might be that you don’t have any real valuable work experience and even your education might be limited. You still have options to make your resume look good!In these circumstances, you need to focus on utilizing any volunteering work you’ve done during your time at home. You should also consider adding any freelancing work you might have done â€" even if it’s something like selling old baby clothes on eBay.The format could follow a functional resume format. This could look something like this:Contact detailsInclude your name, full address, e-mail and phone numberCareer objectiveA few paragraphs of your most important skills, knowledge and abilities in relation to succeeding in the roleEducationAll relevant school qualificationsInclude the name of the institution and the degreeAdd year of graduation or attendanceInclude any honours, grades and achievements that are relevantAdd extra curricular activities if/when relevantRelevant skillsList any other skills that are relevant for the position you are applying forFocus on transferable skillsEmphasize any positions of importance you might have held (board member at school board and so on)Now, if you’re lacking in education, you can place the relevant skills first and mention your education at the end. If you don’t have notable experience or education, it’s vital to boost your resume by gaining either experience or skills. You can find out how to bolster your resume in the following sections.BE UPFRONT ABOUT YOUR EMPLOYMENT GAPNo matter what kind of resume format you’ll end up using, you don’t want to try hiding your employment gap. There is no point in trying to pretend it isn’t there. There isn’t anything wrong about taking time away from the career ladder and looking after a family.When you are returning or looking to return on the career ladder, the best bet is to be honest and upfront about having been off the ladder for a while.You should definitely include a summary paragraph to your resume and use it as an opportunity to briefly mention your current situation. You can use the section to outline your intention to return to work after staying at home with the children. Most hiring managers will tell you having a family won’t really work against you â€" there are much worse reasons to have an employment gap in your resume.Now, your resume doesn’t have to be the only place to talk about the employment gap. You can also bring it up in your cover letter. This can allow you to be more detailed about your situation and write a more in-depth section about the benefits of having stayed at home in terms of returning to work life.NEVER USE DOMESTIC WORK AS A SKILLWhilst domestic duties and looking after kids are hugely valuable things and they teach many important life lessons, don’t try using them as skills on your resume. People have sometimes written things like “CEO of the Family” to their resume but this won’t impress the hiring manager. In fact, it looks rather silly and it’s not a professional way to talk about your time as a stay-at-home parent.Avoid the temptation to write about your time managing school runs or your skills at organizing the laundry â€" these kinds of domestic tasks don’t have a place in your resume. The Independent published an article on the matter, with a one recruiter saying,“More galling are the claims that women make about the critical role they played â€" with my favorite being the one who ‘spent seven years looking after my two children who need and deserved my attention’”.The point the hiring manager is making is not that the work you have done isn’t valuable but, as she put it, you shouldn’t “put this kind of waffle on your CV”. There are other ways of focusing on your transferable skills.FOCUS ON TRANSFERABLE SKILLS AND VOLUNTEERING WORKNow, the above doesn’t mean you shouldn’t use transferable skills to benefit your resume. As mentioned earlier, transferable skills are a wonderful way to talk about your skills and to highlight your suitability for the role. The key is to avoid using clichéd job titles or listing your skills as purely domestic (such as doing the laundry, for instance). You definitely want the focus to be on skills and achievements you’ve done outside of your domestic life. The truth is you’ve probably been involved with many projects you just didn’t necessarily count as valuable things to put on your resume.The correct way to do it is to focus on highlighting those skills and qualifications that help you in your professional life. For instance, take the skill all employers love: organizational skills. You might have been in charge of the school’s baking sales or you’ve volunteered for the sports club and helped organize tournaments. These situations showcase this valuable transferable skill. It’s important to utilize these in your resume.Here’s a great video about transferable skills being a full-time parent can provide you with: If you’ve also held an un-paid or unpaid position in an organization, such as the school’s parental board or the board of the local sports club, then you should also list this on the resume. These kinds of roles show you’ve been a respected member in the community, you’ve taken responsibility, and you’ve been in a leadership position and so on.It’s always good if you can quantify these skills and experiences. For example, consider the two examples you might add to your resume:“Selling old baby clothing on eBay.”“Managed an online retail business that sold clothing worth $10,000 over a five-year period”It’s essentially the same thing â€" so you are not lying â€" but the latter statement looks a lot more professional. Addin g quantities always adds volume to your resume. Again, consider these two examples:“Took care of the budget for local sports club and gathered donations.”“Handled a $5,000 budget of the local sports club for two years, increasing donations by 20%.”You add more context with the latter example and you give a more tangible proof of your finance skills! Of course, the key here is to make sure you’re not lying â€" you can’t make up those numbers. But a lot of this information is probably available to you. It is possible to look at the earnings, percentages or the timeline of events.What if you feel like you still didn’t have those types of experiences? Maybe you stayed home looking after triplets or cared for a special needs child and you just didn’t have time to sit in the school board or organize sports clubs. You should be upfront about this in the career object or executive summary.In addition, these can also teach you valuable skills that are worth mentioning. For ex ample, you could say something like:“Researched and organized a four-person nursing ring for my special needs child.”“Oversaw a $200,000 house renovation project for a year.”Furthermore, it’s a good idea to talk about the soft skills â€" you’ve probably noticed an improved skill to broker conflict resolution between warring children and getting along with all sorts of people from doctors to teachers. Things like communication skills and negotiating skills are something employers are always looking for.CONSIDER BOLSTERING YOUR CURRENT SKILLSThe above tips will help you format and edit your resume. But you might still feel it is lacking in content â€" it can seem hard to find relevant transferable skills and if you’ve stayed at home for most of your adult life, you might find your experience just isn’t there. Don’t worry; there is a final way you can improve your resume. You can bolster and broaden your skill set.Being a full-time parent doesn’t mean you can’t do anything else, especially if your kids are growing up and they don’t need as much attention. You could start your march back to work by taking up a volunteer role or simply working part-time.This gives you a chance to build up your resume and it gives you a softer landing back to working life.Volunteering opportunities for full-time parents:Helping the local sports or youth groupEnlisting as a babysitter/tutor/friend through friendship and mentoring programsWorking at a local animal centreJoining up with conservation and nature groups to look after local parksPart-time work ideas for full-time parents:Online work â€" writing, bookkeeping, editing, photographingWorking as a cashier, waitress, or other relatively low-skilled roleSelling things onlineYou could also improve your skills with the help of online courses. These will also help add depth and professionalism to your resume. You can find all sorts of online courses and some of them are even free! Have a look at these website s for course ideas:Udemy.com â€" courses ranging from marketing to music.Futurelearn.com â€" courses ranging from psychology to accounting.Edx.org â€" courses ranging from business to language studies.Coursera.org â€" courses ranging from data science to programming.Now, certain courses online and offline might provide you with official certification, which might be useful in your career. These certificate programs are often not as intensive as full-time studies and you can take them while staying home to look after the kids.So, if you are planning to get back to work, you might want to consider enrolling on a course like this. You could do it a few years before you think you’d start looking for a job â€" a great way to prepare your resume!THE BOTTOM LINEDon’t be daunted by writing the resume when you’re a full-time parent returning to work. There are many things you’ve probably done while staying at home and as the examples above show, numerous ways to boost your resume. Th e most important thing is to stay honest and avoid clichéd statements about your time at home.Focus on transferable skills and pick the resume format that best highlights your strongest points. You want to ensure you address the gap by showing how you’ve kept updating your skills and stayed active even though you haven’t been on the career ladder. This will help you create a resume that’ll land you a new job!

Definition of Alpha Decay

Alpha decay is the spontaneous radioactive decay where an alpha particle is produced. An alpha particle is essentially a helium nucleus or He2 ion. Although alpha decay presents a significant radiation risk if the radioactive source is inhaled or ingested, alpha particles are too large to penetrate very far through the skin or other solids and require minimal radiation shielding. A sheet of paper, for example, blocks alpha particles.An atom that undergoes alpha decay will reduce its atomic mass by 4 and become the element two atomic numbers less. The general reaction to alpha decay isZXA → Z-4YA-2 4He2where X is the parent atom, Y is the daughter atom, Z is the atomic mass of X, A is the atomic number of X. Examples: 238U92 decays by alpha decay into 234Th90.

Turkey in the European Union

The country of Turkey is typically considered to straddle both Europe and Asia. Turkey occupies all of the Anatolian Peninsula (also known as Asia Minor) and a small part of southeastern Europe. In October 2005 negotiations began between Turkey (population 70 million) and the European Union (EU) for Turkey to be considered as a possible member of the EU in the future. Location While most of Turkey lies geographically in Asia (the peninsula is Asian), far western Turkey lies in Europe. Turkeys largest city of Istanbul (known as Constantinople until 1930), with a population of over 9 million is located on both the east and west sides of the Bosporus strait so it straddles both what are traditionally considered Europe and Asia. However, Turkeys capital city of Ankara is fully outside of Europe and on the Asian continent. While the European Union is working with Turkey to help it move toward being able to become a member of the European Union, there are some who are concerned about Turkeys potential membership. Those opposed to Turkish membership in the EU point to several issues. Issues First, they state that Turkeys culture and values are different from those of the European Union as a whole. They point out that Turkeys 99.8% Muslim population is too different from Christian-based Europe. However, the EU makes the case that the EU is not a religion-based organization, Turkey is a secular (a non-religion-based government) state, and that 12 million Muslims currently live throughout the European Union. Nonetheless, the EU acknowledges that Turkey needs to Substantially improve respect for the rights of non-Muslim religious communities to meet European standards. Secondly, naysayers point out that since Turkey is mostly not in Europe (neither population-wise nor geographically), it should not become part of the European Union. The EU responds that, The EU is based more on values and political will than on rivers and mountains, and acknowledges that, Geographers and historians have never agreed on the physical or natural borders of Europe. Too true! A third reason Turkey might have problems is its non-recognition of Cyprus, a full-fledged member of the European Union. Turkey will have to acknowledge Cyprus to be considered a contender for membership. Additionally, many are concerned about the rights of Kurds in Turkey. The Kurdish people have limited human rights and there are accounts of genocidal activities that need to stop for Turkey to be considered for European Union membership. Finally, some are concerned that Turkeys large population would alter the balance of power in the European Union. After all, Germanys population (the largest country in the EU) is only at 82 million and declining. Turkey would be the second largest country (and perhaps eventually the largest with its much higher growth rate) in the EU and would have considerable influence in the European Union. This influence would be especially profound in the population-based European Parliament. The low per-capita income of the Turkish population is also of concern since the economy of Turkey as a new EU member might have a negative effect on the EU as a whole. Turkey is receiving considerable assistance from its European neighbors as well as from the EU. The EU has allocated billions and is expected to allocate billions of euros in funding for projects to help invest in a stronger Turkey that may one day become a member of the European Union. I was particularly moved by this EU statement on why Turkey should be part of the European Union of the future, Europe needs a stable, democratic and more prosperous Turkey which adopts our values, our rule of law, and our common policies. The accession perspective has already driven forward bold and significant reforms. If the rule of law and human rights are guaranteed throughout the country, Turkey can join the EU and thus become an even stronger bridge between civilizations as it is already today. That sounds like worthwhile goal to me.

The Importance Of Religious Differences - 1524 Words

After an overnight flight and a six hour time shift, our Calvary Church delegation received warm greetings at Lyon Saint-Exupery Airport in France, a seventy minute flight southeast of Paris and a sixty minute drive to our home-base city of Grenoble. Later that afternoon we were in the heart of Historical Grenoble on a historical city tour. Sometime afterward, Missionary Roy asked how many Muslims did you see in town? I answered, Not very many. We saw a lot more last year. About 50% of those you saw today, were Muslims, he countered. Roy was teaching us to observe people as a missionary. Most of them were wearing western clothing but last visit, closer to the beginning of Ramadan, many more followed the Islamic dress code. I†¦show more content†¦This youth camp seeks to minister to French youth families throughout the summer. Many hands make light work. With our group we finished some simple work projects saving the staff a lot of time and received some training about Islam from our ministry partner. In the afternoon we climbed, by SUVs, the rest of the way up the mountains to a ski resort town, Les Deux Alps (The Two Alps) [elevation 5,400 ft]. Someone erected a cross at the other end of town which overlooks the snow capped mountains [elevation 11,800 ft] in the background. Back in Grenoble for the rest of the week we were beginning our primary ministry, prayer walking. Before doing ministry in any area we surrounded the area in prayer one or more days in advance. We prayer walked in three areas. First, in a poorer immigrant Islamic neighborhood of apartment buildings where drug dealers hang out. There is a ministry which Roy participates in which holds a kids club during the school year. At the end of the year a carnival is put on for the kids and a big barbeque for them and their parents. A couple of days after the prayer walk we formed groups of three, two Americans plus one translator, went to the doors of families whose children participate in the club and passed out invitations. One group was invited in. WhileShow MoreRelatedIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Judaism And Islam1568 Words   |  7 PagesIsrael and Palestine The conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis is largely a religious conflict. Even though religion, ethnicity, territory, and politics are inextricably interwoven, the conflict is largely fueled and driven on by the religious rift between Judaism and Islam. 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Salem Witch Trials Essay Paper Example For Students

Salem Witch Trials Essay Paper The Salem Witch TrialsThe witch trials of the late 1600s were full of controversy and uncertainty. The Puritan town of Salem was home to most of these trials, and became the center of much attention in 1692. More than a hundred innocent people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during these times, and our American government forced over a dozen to pay with their lives. The main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economics, and fears of the citizens. Before the town of Salem became so famous for its trials, its Puritan residents moved from their English homes to escape from religious persecution. There were two groups of people that made up the town: people who wanted to leave the town of Salem, and people who did not. Most of the families who wanted to stay lived closest to the town, and the families who wanted to leave lived further away. The families and people who wished to leave were typically farmers, and lived about eight miles from Salem Town. One of the largest families of farmers was the Putnams. The Putnams were thought of highly in the village, because they owned the most farmland. Since they wanted to separate from the town, they decided to establish their own church in 1689. Rev. Parris was the preacher at the church, and his salary was paid by the local taxes. He had a nine-year-old daughter named Betty, and a twelve year old niece named Abigail Williams. Since they lived so far away from Salem Town, there wasnt mu ch for them to do for recreational purposes. Abigail, Betty, and two other friends decided to form a circle where they would entertain each other with stories. Rev. Parris slave, Tituba, would sometimes participate in their circle, and before long, several other girls joined their group. Tituba would tell the girls fortunes, but soon Abigail and Betty became frightened from these psychic readings. Rev. Parris thought that their unusual behavior and strange physical expressions were a sign that the girls were bewitched. At first the girls wouldnt speak about those with whom they supposedly conjured spirits, but Betty finally named Tituba. The other girls also named other people like Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good who they claimed to have seen with the devil. Since these three women had bad reputations in the town they were believable suspects of witchcraft. An investigation of the three women was set up, and John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin were sent from Salem Town to investigate the cases of witchcraft. The investigation took place in the Salem Village Meetinghouse. During the trials, when the three women were being asked questions, the girls would cry out and tumble to the floor. Even though Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne maintained their innocence throughout all of this, Tituba had decided to confess to practicing witchcraft. After the investigation, Hawthorne and Corwin decided that the three women were all guilty of witchcraft. They were all taken to a Boston jail, where Sarah Osborne would later die from natural causes. Even after the three women were taken to jail, the accusations still continued in the village. Soon, another townswoman by the name of Martha Corey was accused. Ann Putnam had accused Martha of sending her spirit out to get her. Even though Corey always attended church, she was still disliked in the village. Rebecca Nurse would be the next person to be accused of witchcraft. Even though she was a 71-year-old woman, Ann Putnam and the rest of the girls told the court that her spirit would fly into their rooms at night and torment them. When Rebecca was notified of these charges, she responded, What sin has God found in me unrepented of that he should lay such an affliction upon me in my old age? (Kent, p. 76). When the people in the village heard about her conviction, they started to discredit the word of the girls, but the accusations continued. .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .postImageUrl , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:hover , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:visited , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:active { border:0!important; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:active , .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4 .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub81bb5b931c4b91604757d797b3c6ba4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Endangered Species EssayOne of the people who didnt believe the girls was a 60-year-old farmer by the name of John Proctor. His maid, Mary, started to act like the other girls, so John threatened to beat her if she

The Crucible belonging ; exclusion (the other) Essay Example For Students

The Crucible: belonging ; exclusion (the other) Essay The Crucible: belonging exclusion (the other)What is it to belong to a group? Is it really that simple when someone says, Either youre with us or youre not? Yes, it is that simple. Belonging and exclusion in any situation are two sides of the same coin you cant have one without the other. In any organization or group, people are bound together by a community of interest, purpose or function and if you do not believe in these same things, then you are not a part of that group. In an organization or group, you have to ask yourself, What is it to be a part of this particular group, what does it take to belong? It takes following the rules of the group, agreeing with their purpose, obeying their authorities and the ability to go the length for their cause. In The Crucible, if they did not abide as part of the group, the Christian Church, then the consequences were fatal. The Crucible told of what is was to be a scapegoat in their society and what it took to defend themselves from becoming that scapegoat. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible: belonging ; exclusion (the other) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To remind people in an organization why they belong takes continued focus on a common goal or common belief. By having one main function, a group is generally more effective than if everyone has different ideas and outlooks on specific topics. However, to keep everyone on the same page, the members of a group need to accurately know where they stand in reference to their goal. One way to do this is through social facilitation. This is the concern of self image through the presence of other people. Its a concept that allows members to know the acceptable opinions of the group. Someone who agrees to the ideas set out from the organization. Group polarization is the concept of changing personal opinions to extremities after a group discussion. This concept eliminates members who arent sure what they think of the groups purpose. They decide that either they agree completely or they disagree completely. Either way it means they decide if they are in or out after the group discussion. A common goal is one way to distinguish and separate the devoted members from the questionable individuals in a group. High cohesiveness is an effective tool in the success and effectiveness of an organization. However, in order for success and effectiveness, the group must ensure that everyone is willing to follow the guidelines implicitly. Traditionally, rules are set out for the members to follow. Generally, explicit rules are made in order for everyone to obviously and without question understand what is expected of them. Ideally, a clear list of what you can and cannot do and what is acceptable and unacceptable in their organization should exist. Unfortunately these requirements are not all written down implicit standards are always hiding in a group, whether they are talked of or not is up to the group. We usually call these implicit rules actual norms which are there to ensure that only the proper people are involved in the group. Implicit details often provide secret exclusion for members that dont belong. Some details are implicitly implied only because by exploiting these undercover rules, the image of the group is disturbed and the hypocrisy of the rule makers might be uncovered. Without rules people might be able to act as they please which is not the purpose of a group. Just as in society, with rules must come enforcers. There can be no expectations for people to follow the rules if there is no one to enforce the consequences. .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .postImageUrl , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:hover , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:visited , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:active { border:0!important; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:active , .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78 .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u854a151446f3c2a63c106bd7df8a4c78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome Essay This is why authority and leadership are key points in keeping their sense of belonging in a group. It is well known that people tend to lose focus of what is important to them when no one is helping them along, thus the necessity for role expectations. Someone in a group must take responsibility to be relentless and bold, to take charge of situations. Leadership makes it all happen. If there is no leader in a group, it is likely that the group would not accomplish anything as they lose focus. Scatterbrained, people would be staring at each

Biomedical Enterprise Program Essays

Biomedical Enterprise Program Essays Biomedical Enterprise Program Paper Biomedical Enterprise Program Paper Every person has a distinct definition of success that differs from the perspective of others. For some, success is a word that is closely attributed to being famous and earning a lot of money; for others, it is a word used to having a high position in the company that they are working for. Personally, I define success as being able to accomplish what is tasked of me and at the same manner, being able to contribute to the society in my own little way. The lesser the fame, the better. This sounds surreal, but it is true. As I enter the Biomedical field, I certainly believe that I will be more helpful and of service to mankind and the society. You see, the world is fastly growing and the technology is always up to date. Medications and the diseases are also being up to date with the circumstances that are happening to us. With this, there is a big demand in the number of employees being hired by the companies together with the high demand for cure. I, for one, believe that choosing the Biomedical Enterprise as my field of expertise would not only help me grow as a person, but will also help me to hone and grow my abilities and talents to its best. Being in this field does not mean that you have to be a specializing doctor or an immediate member of the health care team. All one person needs is a little background of the medical terminologies, the basics of physiology and some knowledge in pathophysiology. When given the chance to practice this specific field, I plan to do some researches on the economic status of the services and the medications that are being rendered in the United States. After a careful analysis of the problems, I plan to apply the basics that I have learned in the course to promote good health relations with the country, and soon with the whole world. If possible, I plan to coordinate with other manufacturing firms in giving free alternative medications to the countries who are in dire need of medications to promote a healthy environment for their children. With further research and with the help of colleagues, we can help discover new ways to treat cancer. We can team up with doctors and biomedical engineers in designing this one-of-a-kind discovery. Soon after, we can help in the aid of treating cancer, and eventually leading to its prevention. Since we are immersed clinically, we are able to observe and rationalize for ourselves what the needs of the people for this specific time are. At the same time, it helps us to predict whatever it is that we need to accomplish in order for us to prevent certain dilemmas. Having those management courses would also help us to be more aware and careful of the lines that may be drawn while trying to accomplish the desired goals. What you have read may sound too good to be true, but with all the knowledge that we have acquired in the program, anything is possible.

What is on the Internet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is on the Internet - Assignment Example Its questions are open ended, allowing respondents the freedom of choice and expression (Storm Front, 2010). A survey by Quibblo is another example on pop culture and it focuses on possible association between the culture and self-image. Its questions cover significance of the culture among teenagers, possible effects of the on teenagers’ self-image and participants’ perception of pop culture (Quibblo, n.d.). The ‘pop culture’ survey’s design is characterized by closed questions, whose choices stimulate response. It also has few questions, presented in a single page, a property that helps to stimulate response rate because of time convenience. Another design factor in the questionnaire is use of bold for questions and normal print for choices and this makes the questions conspicuous (Pop culture, n.d.). The ‘pop culture’ survey identifies similarities with the SERVQUAL that is a tool for collecting qualitative data. SERVQUAL is based on attitude and expectation, which are the bases of responses to questions in the ‘pop culture’ survey. Like the SERVQUAL, the ‘pop culture’ questionnaire aims at collecting qualitative data such as attitude towards types of music and expected utility from different forms of entertainment (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry,

Deaf reading reaction number 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deaf reading reaction number 2 - Coursework Example Ideas such as this stand out to me and are in line with my beliefs no bias should exist in the provision of education. My knowledge in this area reveals that the most urgent need of the deaf children is the urge for communication. However, these are always hampered if the child does not receive ample guidance and understanding from the teachers and fellow children. This fact is as well brought out in the article. Therefore, any setting which fails to meet the communication and related needs of a deaf child should be avoided. I’ve also understood better that it is the responsibility of everyone to enhance this success in the education of our deaf children. There should be a shared responsibility between the state and the community in which the child lives to help them acquire education. All of us must be accountable for the educational achievement and inclusion of all deaf children into the education system for their benefit (Cerney

Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust

Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust Management Report Cover Sheet CIPD Management Report Utilising E Recruitment Executive Summary This Management report will look at the Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust and identify if E recruitment can help with the difficulties experienced in the Trust. Alongside a literature review of Recruitment difficulties, Employer Branding, Traditional recruitment and E recruitment, the author has conducted a benchmarking exercise in order to establish best practice in recruitment in local NHS organisations, A Process Mapping exercise to identify current practice and identify any difficulties or hold ups in the current process and a Managers questionnaire to allow the author to identify current perceptions of the recruitment service in the organisation alongside what expectations are. 1.0 Introduction The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust was established in April 2002 and manages hospitals in Bury, North Manchester, Oldham and Rochdale. Serving a population of approximately 800,000, the Trust is one of the largest in the country and had an operating expenditure of over  £425 million in 2006/07. It runs services across five hospital sites: Fairfield General Hospital, Bury; North Manchester General Hospital; The Royal Oldham Hospital; Rochdale Infirmary and Birch Hill Hospital, Rochdale and employs a staff of approximately 10,000. The Trust has four divisions identified as Surgery, Medicine, Women and Childrens, and Diagnostics and Clinical Support. It also has directorates providing support to clinical services including Human Resources, Facilities, Planning, Finance, Information and Management Technology, Modernisation and Performance, Governance and Research and Development. There is a central HR function, with designated HR Managers for each division. Restructuring of this model has taken place in recent years. Recruitment is managed from the North Manchester General Hospital site and provides a central function. The local economy in which the Trust is situated is strong, with a great deal of competition from local organisations for staff. There is little competition within the NHS for staff, as Pennine is ‘the only Trust in town, in each of the 4 areas. Transport links to the Trust are generally good, although access to some peripheral sites is difficult, and car parking can be a problem, especially at the Royal Oldham site. The Trust is concerned, as many Trusts in the Greater Manchester area are, that many of its nurses will retire within the next five years and it is trying to develop a programme to get people to stay on after the normal retirement age. It also attempts to recruit as many student nurses as possible, but positions for newly qualified staff have been reduced in the last few years due to reconfiguration of services and redeployment to avoid redundancy. The Trust has a lower proportion of nursing staff from ethnic backgrounds than the local population, when comparing the 2001 Census with its workforce data; but the percentage of staff as a whole from ethnic backgrounds is higher, due to the numbers of medical staff from ethnic minorities within the Trust. The Trust works hard to recruit staff from ethnic minorities/deprived backgrounds. It has an Equality and Diversity Team who work to promote diversity within the Trust, supporting proactive recruitment where there is a concentration of individuals from ethnic or disadvantaged backgrounds. With a workforce of over 10,000 people, the average monthly cost of recruitment at Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust is xxxxxx. In addition the average length of time it takes to place a new employee in post is 55 days from the closing date of an advertised position to offering that position to a new recruit. Recruitment is currently a major issue in the Trust with days lost in the recruitment process costing money and reducing morale and effectiveness. At present the department is receiving a lot of pressure from the rest of the Trust and the reputation of the department is poor. This management report is being undertaken to identify recommendations that will allow the recruitment process to become more efficient and identify whether utilisation of e recruitment is a viable proposal in the Trust and whether its implementation will increase efficiency and save resources. All employers face the challenge of employing the right staff for their organisation and this often falls under a human resource arena. The recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals has been identified as a key challenge facing the NHS (NHS Plan 2002). High on the agenda at local, regional and national levels is the development of strategies and initiatives to attract suitable people to work in the professions, in order to ensure that services are responsive to patient needs. 2.0 Literature Review Recruitment is an extensive subject with many aspects making up the area. A study by Ullman (1966) cited in Breaugh Starke (2000) was one of the first to examine recruitment sources. He found that new employees who were recruited by means of informal sources (i.e., employee referrals, direct applications) had a lower turnover rate than individuals recruited via formal sources (i.e., newspaper advertisements and employment agencies). Barber (1998) has since concluded that past research has not made a strong case for the importance of source differences. The author is interested in research into the prevalence of the sources used in traditional recruitment, which appears to be research that has not been undertaken significantly Torrington, Hall and Taylor (2005) identified that employers in the UK recruit over 3 million people each year, in a costly and time consuming exercise to add suitable staff to their organisation. They identify a need to ‘sell jobs to potential employees in order to ensure they can generate an adequate pool of applicants. Organisations are now facing a greater challenge recruiting rather than selecting. (Ployhart 2005) Other researchers having also identified the difficulties organisations have in attracting candidates, identifying selection will only be effective and financially defensible if a sufficient amount of applicants apply to the organisation. (Taylor and Collins, 2000) However according to Barber (1998), It is important that employers do not consider the recruitment process to be completed at this point, It continues during the short listing and interviewing stages and is only deemed as complete when an offer is made. For the purposes of this literature review the author will review thoughts and research on the initial stages of recruitment, that being the attraction of employees and advertisement of vacancies in order to recruit to the organisation, this will allow the author to include the areas of employer branding and e-recruitment in the review. 2.1 Recruitment Difficulties The Audit Commission identified that the UK labour market is currently highly competitive with unemployment at a historically low level. Employers are openly competing harder to attract and retain staff. There are also widespread reports of recruitment and retention problems across local public services, the NHS being no exception. Major concerns about shortfalls in the number of staff, and fewer younger people being attracted to work for the public sector, means there is a potential ‘demographic time bomb. It has been identified that 27 per cent of the public sector workforce are now aged 50 or over. (Gulland (2001), Audit Commission (2002)) Recruitment is also expensive, in a recent survey, CIPD (2007) identified the average direct cost of recruiting a member of staff is  £4,333; this increases to  £7750 when organisations are also calculating the associated labour turnover. They also identified that eighty four percent of organisations have reported difficulties in filling vacancies, a rise of 2 percent on the previous year. The key challenges faced by organisations in regard to recruitment have been identified from the survey as xxxxxxxxx CIPD believes that ‘effective recruitment is central and crucial to the successful day-to-day functioning of any organisation. They state that ‘successful recruitment depends upon finding people with the necessary skills, expertise and qualifications to deliver organisational objectives and the ability to make a positive contribution to the values and aims of the organisation. The Audit Commissions report (2002) also highlighted concerns about skill shortages, both in terms of basic skill levels in the workforce, and in the key leadership, management and specialist skills that are needed. Previous research from the Audit Commission which showed that, on average, a new recruit performs at only 60 per cent of their productive potential when they are first appointed, reaching 100 per cent only after they have been in a post for a year, makes recruitment in these areas and adequate delivery of services harder to manage. In their extensive report on public service recruitment, they identify the way the employers can maximise their recruitment practices. They advised Informed, quick and professional responses to job advertisement enquiries are essential for maximising applications; routine monitoring of recruitment will ensure that recruitment initiatives are driven by the bigger picture rather than just the latest concern; success in addressing diversity issues are to be achieved through efficient, effective targeted recruitment campaigns based on knowledge of the target community; and any initiative to attract a specific group of staff will benefit from being profession-led and in partnership with HR. Audit Commission (2002) Effective recruitment practices and policies are recognised as making a significant contribution to an organisations success, according to Plumbley (1990). He states it is not simply about placing suitable candidates into jobs, but also about building an adept and flexible workforce in order to meet the organisations changing and demanding needs. The first stage of recruitment and selection is to be able to attract an adequate number of appropriate candidates. Prospective employees do not select the organisation they wish to work for on the foundation of job and organisational characteristics such as location, and organisational structure alone. 2.2 Employee Brand The increased competitiveness in the recruitment market has led to organisations spending more time, effort and resources on developing their recruitment brand and expanding the range of advertising methods used, to try and attract quality applicants from as broad and diverse a pool possible. Studies show that the organisations image, reputation and identity plays a vital part in attracting suitable talented applicants (Cable Turban, 2001; Slaughter, Zickar, Highhouse, Mohr, 2004; Lievens Highhouse, 2003). Identifying that in order for the corporate brand to be more successful at attracting suitable candidates there is an importance in promoting and monitoring that brand. Fombrun, (1996) agrees with this stating the reputation of an organisation has been acknowledged as one of the key factors that can affect the probability of potential applicants choosing to apply to work for it. In the same way, organisation reputation has been found to be an important influence on applicants decisions of whether they fit with an organisation and want to join it (Rynes et al., 1991). This researcher has also showed that applicants utilised information on how informative and the ‘recruiter friendliness as an indicator of how an organisation treated its employees. Fombrun (1996) expands this argument to identify that reputation is of particular concern to applicants seeking employment in knowledge-based institutions, such as universities and hospitals, because of the intangibility of the services these organisations provide. Whilst Turban et al. (1998) also found that applicants perceptions of the specific attributes of a post were influenced by their evaluation of the organisation, even if they had been interviewed and were successful. The importance in private/commercial organisations reputation in relation to the recruitment and retention of staff has been well documented in literature, for example: (Turban, 2001) and Cable and Graham (2000), Gray and Ballmer 1998)), there has however been comparatively little consideration on the impact of reputation for public sector organisations. Most people in the course of their life have a need to use the services the NHS provide, some more than others and health is an important issue, not only on a personal level, also in the political arena. The NHS is the UKs largest employer, so many of the UK population are at present working in it, with a great number more many having done so at some point in their lives. In brief, the NHS has a wide range of different stakeholders, who may feel they have a vested interest in the quality; provision of services and ultimately, the reputation. People have varied, and very personal experiences of the NHS and this could mean image and reputation are therefore difficult to manage. The Audit Commission study (2002) study showed that public sector staff think that their image in the eyes of the public would discourage potential recruits from entering the NHS. The study analysed a broad sample of the national press to see if the evidence supported this perception. Analysis showed that plenty of stories are told and while coverage is extensive, the picture of public sector work presented to the reading public is bleak. Of the former public sector workers surveyed, 68 per cent thought that the image of their former profession would discourage people from entering that job. Only 9 per cent thought the opposite that the image would encourage people to enter. The NHS is such a well-known organisation that carries out specific roles in society, that when considering a career in the NHS people often have an idea regarding an occupation they would like to pursue. The GTI (2006) conducted a survey to establish the major determinants that influence applicants in their choice of employer. The results show that for 22% of student nurses and doctors, the reputation of a prospective employer (often influenced by media coverage) is a key factor in determining their aspirations. They identify that word of mouth can be damaging to an employers reputation. If employers get things wrong, it can really affect the way they are viewed by potential employees as over half of the survey respondents have shared their bad experiences with their peers. So for some people the images and reputation of the NHS may be crucial to their decision of whether to work for it. 2.3 Traditional Recruitment Methods Traditional recruitment methods are the way that an organisation announced a job opportunity to the marketplace through a classified advertisement, a job fair, an external recruiter, or other media. Any candidate who happened to see the announcement would submit his or her CV, ring the company for an application form or submit a letter of interest. Lievens and Harris. (2003) stated in the past, job searching was a more time-consuming activity. A candidate who wished to apply for a job would need to first locate a suitable job opportunity, which often involved searching through a newspaper or contacting acquaintances. After locating potentially suitable openings, the candidate would typically have to prepare a cover letter, produce a copy of his or her resume, and mail the package with the appropriate postage. Arboledas, Ferrero and Vidal (2001), presented some examples of recruitment methods that organisations have traditionally used. These were identified as newspaper advertisement, faxed/mailed resumes, recruitment agencies or the use of headhunters. Galanaki (2002) also identified all these methods and defines them as ‘traditional recruitment methods. This idea of traditional methods can also be found quoted in numerous HR texts, which have sections dedicated to recruitment and try to identify best recruitment practices. The authors of such texts include Cole (2004), Rayner and Adam Smith, Armstrong (2007) and Mullins (2005). This was supported by a further IDS study in 2006 that reported that to maximise their chances of appointing the best candidate, many organisations have utilised a combination of online and traditional approaches In 2004 Softworld HR and Payroll identified in a study, that 24% of respondents envisaged e-recruitment entirely replacing all traditional methods of advertising in the future, however 76% of the practitioners surveyed, see it as an additional tool to allow the widest possible range of applicants to be accessed. Traditional methods also identify the use of recruitment agencies in the way of recruiting staff, Recruitment 2020 difficulties in recruitment agency etcc†¦ According to an IES study (2005), recruitment agencies remain confident that the growth in e-recruitment technology will not eliminate their role in the process, as many organisations lack the time and expertise to carry out these tasks. Many organisations, especially smaller ones may also lack the technology to carry out their own recruitment online. With the low unemployment that currently exists the task of finding quality candidates will remain challenging and this may prompt organisations to continue to use agencies, in particular, for specialised, senior or difficult to fill positions In the 2007 CIPD recruitment and retention survey, it was identified for the first time in the UK; corporate websites have broken even with local newspapers advertisements as the most common method of recruiting candidates. 2.4 E-recruitment E-Recruitment is identified as ‘the use of Internet technology to make the job of recruiting staff more efficient and effective, when used together with traditional recruitment methods; the benefits derived from e-recruitment can be considerable. (E-recruitment Best Practice Guide 2007) Internet usage in recent years has seen the recruitment process transformed. Online recruitment, internet recruitment, web-based recruiting and e-recruitment are terms used to describe the use of the internet to recruit potential employees, and mediums to conduct other elements of the recruitment process. We will use the terms interchangeably in this report. E-Recruitment is becoming a significant part of the recruitment strategy of a wide range of organisations worldwide, in addition to becoming an increasingly popular method for job seekers in searching and applying for jobs. According to Schreyer McCarter (1998) e-recruitment refers to â€Å"The recruitment process, including placing job advertisements, receiving resumes, and building human resource database with candidates and incumbents The traditional method of recruitment has been revolutionised by the emergence of the Internet. In the past few years, the Internet has dramatically changed the face of HR recruitment and the ways organisations think about the recruiting function. There is predicted to be a continued dramatic growth in recruiting and hiring via this medium in future years. The utilisation of e recruitment by organisations has seen a general upward trend according to Berry (2205). 93% of organisations were using their corporate website to advertise job vacancies in 2005, compared with 72% in 2002. It would seem that e-recruitment has already been implemented in many organisations from small companies to large organisations. These organisations are already using e recruitment to advertise jobs and accept CVs on the Internet, and also communicating with the applicants by e-mail. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey it was identified that eighty-four percent of respondents have made greater use of e-mail applications in the last three years. Over seven in ten organisations also said they are actively advertising jobs on their corporate websites and using online applications. A survey by the public appointment service in Ireland in 2006, relating to e recruitment in Irish organisations, has also identified a high level of current or intended future use of e recruitment, this being identified as an area forming an important part of the Irish recruitment strategy. Lievens and Harris (2003) have identified the following methods of using the Internet to attract candidates, acknowledging that approaches are continually changing. †¢ Company websites Advertising posts and providing information to candidates through the company website. The facility to apply online is often also provided. †¢ Job Boards Commercial general purpose recruitment portals, (e.g. Yahoo!, Monster.com) and specific industry job boards. †¢ Online Searching Recruiters searching online sources such as company websites/professional chat sites. to identify candidates who may not be actively looking for a position. †¢ Relationship recruiting Using the internet to build and maintain long term relationships with passive candidates, through using internet tools to learn more about web visitors interests and experience and to e-mail regular updates about careers and their fields of interest. Kerrin and Keetley (2005) have suggested that the reasons for many organisations to introduce e recruitment have been recruitment cost reduction, speedier processes, access to a wider pool of applicants and better employer branding. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover survey 2006,  it was also identified that the key drivers for e-recruitment were; reducing recruitment costs (cited by 71%), broadening the selection pool (60%) and increasing the speed of time to hire (47%). It was also noted that over a third of respondents believed it brought greater flexibility and ease for candidates, and over a quarter believed it strengthened the employer brand. This has been firther supported by the IRS Employment review 2007. Reduction in costs E-Recruitment enables employers to reduce advertising costs and remove their dependency on recruitment agencies. Technology in online recruitment is not expensive and the hours saved in the pre-selection process gives hr staff more time. Administration can be significantly reduced in most organisations. This can prove to be particularly important when recruiting high volumes of staff or when receiving high volumes of applications. (DTI 2006, Guertal et al 2007) Cappeli (2001) calculated that ‘it costs only about one-twentieth as much to hire someone online as to hire that same person through †¦ other traditional methods. This can be achieved through significantly reducing advertising costs and by reducing recruitment related administration according to Elkington (2005) An IDS HR Study in April 2006 identified how the Internet now plays a significant role in recruitment activities of employers. The report examined the use of corporate and third party recruitment websites and identified they are being used to reduce advertising costs and tap into a more diverse candidate base. They also identified that technology is streamlining the application process with the encouragement of online applications, linking into sophisticated application tracking systems and allowing organisations to measure the success of attraction methods. IDS state that over 70% of adults utilise the Internet, and employers are using this medium to attract and recruit much more frequently. They identify significant cost savings for employers and reduced time taken to fill vacancies, but are keen to point out the wariness of employees in missing out on potential candidates and feel that traditional recruitment media is set to retain and important role, particularly when recruiting locally or hard to fill jobs. Grout and Parrin, authors of the book, ‘recruiting excellence agree with this assessment by IDS. In an article for HR Director (2006), they identify that online recruitment can improve efficiency by the reduction in man hours involved in the process, and help employers reach a wider and larger audience of jobseekers. They also recognise that it can be a valuable part of a recruitment process, in addition to traditional press advertising and the use of agencies (dti, 2005) Kerrin and Keetley (2005) however, have stated, that the full cost savings are often only realised if the whole recruitment process is carried out online. Reducing time-to-hire With e-recruitment you can cut the time taken to recruit by as much as 75% and recruit the right employees more quickly into the organisation. Time is also saved by spending less time tracking, communicating with and screening applicants. Online recruitment allows the sharing of best practice and improving the consistency of recruitment processes across the organisation. The Public Appointments Service survey showed that a reduction in administrative workload (cited by 49% of respondents), and reduced timescales for hiring (cited by 40% of respondents), were key drivers in the decision to implementing e recruitment. Hogg (2000) stresses a shorter recruitment cycle can be gained by the speed at which several steps of the recruitment process are carried out online. Elkington (2005) supports this and has identified that the immediate posting of jobs online and the effortlessness of completing online application forms and e-mailing CVs to an organisation has made these steps much faster. Moving further into the recruitment process the short-listing process can be accelerated by routinely aligning applications dependent on prearranged criteria (CIPD 2005). Applications can be progressed within minutes rather than weeks, saving both recruiters and job applicants time. Widening Talent Pool Internet tools that enable employers/recruiters to reach a wider pool of potential applicants and to fill positions faster with less cost to the organisation are obviously advantageous in such a competitive environment. Online advertising opens up a wider candidate pool, by providing 24/7 access to job seekers, at local, national and international locations, thus providing a better chance of finding the right candidate (CIPD 2005 1). As job seekers become increasingly more web literate and the growth of broadband makes web surfing easier and cheaper (IRS 2005), the potential for e-recruitment to attract wider candidate pools is increasing. Enhancing Employer brand More and more candidates expect to apply directly online and routinely make judgements about employers based on their recruitment process. To combat this employers are adopting increasingly dynamic e-recruitment solutions to allow them to differentiate themselves and to professionally manage the recruitment process. (Willock, 2005; Paton 2006). E-Recruitment enables an organisation to raise its profile as an innovative, forward looking recruiter and allows the opportunity to provide visitors to the website with a positive experience. E-Recruitment can help to build the image of a brand. Barrow (2005) recommends that organisations build their brand identity very carefully however, warning of a need to ensure substance is beneath the clever name, logo or design, as employees once appointed will see through the facade. This is further supported by Gray and Balmers (1998) term, the ‘routine interactions that outsiders have in shaping image and reputation. Corporate communications are likely to be received with scepticism when they do not match personal experience. Kerrin and Kettley (2003) in their report ‘e-recruitment is it delivering identified a key factor for organisations in their adoption of e-recruitment is the desire to increase their profile as an employer of choice amongst potential candidates and to promote their image as a progressive organisation. CIPD (2005) also demonstrated that more detailed information can be provided on the organisations website than in a newspaper advertisements and in recruitment agency literature, reinforcing the employer brand, improving the corporate image and profile whilst also giving an indication of the organisations culture The use of the Internet allows organisations to pass far more information in a much more dynamic and consistent fashion to candidates than was the case in the past (Lievens and Harris 2003). Applicants therefore have much more information at their disposal before they even decide to apply for a job than in the past. In addition, candidates can easily and quickly search for independent information about organisations from various sources, such as chatrooms, libraries. Therefore, unlike in the past, a candidate may have applied for a job based on practically no information; todays candidate may have reviewed a substantial amount of information about the organisation before choosing to apply. Disadvantages of e-recruitment The CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey revealed some concerns that e-recruitment could increase the number of unsuitable applicants and that it could act as a barrier to recruiting older workers Another factor which seems to be deterring some employers from making greater use of online recruitment systems is a concern over the level of internet access and levels of comfort with internet technology of their target audiences. While usage of the Internet does vary by social group there is evidence to suggest that recruiting online results in at least as diverse an applicant group as those recruited through traditional methods McManus M.A., Ferguson M.W. (2003 A further concern in relation to access is the suitability of online recruitment methods for candidates with disabilities. Research from www.jobsgopublic, 2004, shows that many employers exclude candidates with disabilities by having poorly designed websites and e-recruitment processes, and there is increasing pressure to address this in order to ensure compliance with equal opportunities legislation. (IRS 2007) Developers of e-recruitment technology are increasingly aware of these requirements and are producing products/systems with higher levels of accessibility and that are in line with EU policies and legislation on e-inclusion. Another possible limitation for organisations may include a lack of knowledge of the available options and difficulties in sourcing/ choosing the appropriate technology that will be compatible with their existing HR systems and will serve their needs now and into the future. This report and others e.g. [3] aim to help raise awareness and highlight the issues for practitioners and decision makers. Still limited in its application, typically online recruitment is used to solely advertise and administer the application process Underexploited online recruitment site can gather rich data pn usage most employers do not interrogate the usage to improve effectiveness Considered unsuitable for certain kinds of vacancies Applicants afe not of a better quality 7 in 10 say admin easier to perform 7 out of 10 more likely to improve reputation. 8 out 10 cheaper 2.5 NHS Jobs There was a time when we could assume that the brightest and best of each generation would want to join the public sector. But that is an assumption that we can no longer make, particularly when the financial rewards at the top of the private sector are so great, and too often public sector workers are weighed down by bureaucracy and silly rules. Tony Blair, 1999 (Ref. 1) It has been suggested in surveys by CIPD (20052) and Kerrin Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust Management Report Cover Sheet CIPD Management Report Utilising E Recruitment Executive Summary This Management report will look at the Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust and identify if E recruitment can help with the difficulties experienced in the Trust. Alongside a literature review of Recruitment difficulties, Employer Branding, Traditional recruitment and E recruitment, the author has conducted a benchmarking exercise in order to establish best practice in recruitment in local NHS organisations, A Process Mapping exercise to identify current practice and identify any difficulties or hold ups in the current process and a Managers questionnaire to allow the author to identify current perceptions of the recruitment service in the organisation alongside what expectations are. 1.0 Introduction The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust was established in April 2002 and manages hospitals in Bury, North Manchester, Oldham and Rochdale. Serving a population of approximately 800,000, the Trust is one of the largest in the country and had an operating expenditure of over  £425 million in 2006/07. It runs services across five hospital sites: Fairfield General Hospital, Bury; North Manchester General Hospital; The Royal Oldham Hospital; Rochdale Infirmary and Birch Hill Hospital, Rochdale and employs a staff of approximately 10,000. The Trust has four divisions identified as Surgery, Medicine, Women and Childrens, and Diagnostics and Clinical Support. It also has directorates providing support to clinical services including Human Resources, Facilities, Planning, Finance, Information and Management Technology, Modernisation and Performance, Governance and Research and Development. There is a central HR function, with designated HR Managers for each division. Restructuring of this model has taken place in recent years. Recruitment is managed from the North Manchester General Hospital site and provides a central function. The local economy in which the Trust is situated is strong, with a great deal of competition from local organisations for staff. There is little competition within the NHS for staff, as Pennine is ‘the only Trust in town, in each of the 4 areas. Transport links to the Trust are generally good, although access to some peripheral sites is difficult, and car parking can be a problem, especially at the Royal Oldham site. The Trust is concerned, as many Trusts in the Greater Manchester area are, that many of its nurses will retire within the next five years and it is trying to develop a programme to get people to stay on after the normal retirement age. It also attempts to recruit as many student nurses as possible, but positions for newly qualified staff have been reduced in the last few years due to reconfiguration of services and redeployment to avoid redundancy. The Trust has a lower proportion of nursing staff from ethnic backgrounds than the local population, when comparing the 2001 Census with its workforce data; but the percentage of staff as a whole from ethnic backgrounds is higher, due to the numbers of medical staff from ethnic minorities within the Trust. The Trust works hard to recruit staff from ethnic minorities/deprived backgrounds. It has an Equality and Diversity Team who work to promote diversity within the Trust, supporting proactive recruitment where there is a concentration of individuals from ethnic or disadvantaged backgrounds. With a workforce of over 10,000 people, the average monthly cost of recruitment at Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust is xxxxxx. In addition the average length of time it takes to place a new employee in post is 55 days from the closing date of an advertised position to offering that position to a new recruit. Recruitment is currently a major issue in the Trust with days lost in the recruitment process costing money and reducing morale and effectiveness. At present the department is receiving a lot of pressure from the rest of the Trust and the reputation of the department is poor. This management report is being undertaken to identify recommendations that will allow the recruitment process to become more efficient and identify whether utilisation of e recruitment is a viable proposal in the Trust and whether its implementation will increase efficiency and save resources. All employers face the challenge of employing the right staff for their organisation and this often falls under a human resource arena. The recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals has been identified as a key challenge facing the NHS (NHS Plan 2002). High on the agenda at local, regional and national levels is the development of strategies and initiatives to attract suitable people to work in the professions, in order to ensure that services are responsive to patient needs. 2.0 Literature Review Recruitment is an extensive subject with many aspects making up the area. A study by Ullman (1966) cited in Breaugh Starke (2000) was one of the first to examine recruitment sources. He found that new employees who were recruited by means of informal sources (i.e., employee referrals, direct applications) had a lower turnover rate than individuals recruited via formal sources (i.e., newspaper advertisements and employment agencies). Barber (1998) has since concluded that past research has not made a strong case for the importance of source differences. The author is interested in research into the prevalence of the sources used in traditional recruitment, which appears to be research that has not been undertaken significantly Torrington, Hall and Taylor (2005) identified that employers in the UK recruit over 3 million people each year, in a costly and time consuming exercise to add suitable staff to their organisation. They identify a need to ‘sell jobs to potential employees in order to ensure they can generate an adequate pool of applicants. Organisations are now facing a greater challenge recruiting rather than selecting. (Ployhart 2005) Other researchers having also identified the difficulties organisations have in attracting candidates, identifying selection will only be effective and financially defensible if a sufficient amount of applicants apply to the organisation. (Taylor and Collins, 2000) However according to Barber (1998), It is important that employers do not consider the recruitment process to be completed at this point, It continues during the short listing and interviewing stages and is only deemed as complete when an offer is made. For the purposes of this literature review the author will review thoughts and research on the initial stages of recruitment, that being the attraction of employees and advertisement of vacancies in order to recruit to the organisation, this will allow the author to include the areas of employer branding and e-recruitment in the review. 2.1 Recruitment Difficulties The Audit Commission identified that the UK labour market is currently highly competitive with unemployment at a historically low level. Employers are openly competing harder to attract and retain staff. There are also widespread reports of recruitment and retention problems across local public services, the NHS being no exception. Major concerns about shortfalls in the number of staff, and fewer younger people being attracted to work for the public sector, means there is a potential ‘demographic time bomb. It has been identified that 27 per cent of the public sector workforce are now aged 50 or over. (Gulland (2001), Audit Commission (2002)) Recruitment is also expensive, in a recent survey, CIPD (2007) identified the average direct cost of recruiting a member of staff is  £4,333; this increases to  £7750 when organisations are also calculating the associated labour turnover. They also identified that eighty four percent of organisations have reported difficulties in filling vacancies, a rise of 2 percent on the previous year. The key challenges faced by organisations in regard to recruitment have been identified from the survey as xxxxxxxxx CIPD believes that ‘effective recruitment is central and crucial to the successful day-to-day functioning of any organisation. They state that ‘successful recruitment depends upon finding people with the necessary skills, expertise and qualifications to deliver organisational objectives and the ability to make a positive contribution to the values and aims of the organisation. The Audit Commissions report (2002) also highlighted concerns about skill shortages, both in terms of basic skill levels in the workforce, and in the key leadership, management and specialist skills that are needed. Previous research from the Audit Commission which showed that, on average, a new recruit performs at only 60 per cent of their productive potential when they are first appointed, reaching 100 per cent only after they have been in a post for a year, makes recruitment in these areas and adequate delivery of services harder to manage. In their extensive report on public service recruitment, they identify the way the employers can maximise their recruitment practices. They advised Informed, quick and professional responses to job advertisement enquiries are essential for maximising applications; routine monitoring of recruitment will ensure that recruitment initiatives are driven by the bigger picture rather than just the latest concern; success in addressing diversity issues are to be achieved through efficient, effective targeted recruitment campaigns based on knowledge of the target community; and any initiative to attract a specific group of staff will benefit from being profession-led and in partnership with HR. Audit Commission (2002) Effective recruitment practices and policies are recognised as making a significant contribution to an organisations success, according to Plumbley (1990). He states it is not simply about placing suitable candidates into jobs, but also about building an adept and flexible workforce in order to meet the organisations changing and demanding needs. The first stage of recruitment and selection is to be able to attract an adequate number of appropriate candidates. Prospective employees do not select the organisation they wish to work for on the foundation of job and organisational characteristics such as location, and organisational structure alone. 2.2 Employee Brand The increased competitiveness in the recruitment market has led to organisations spending more time, effort and resources on developing their recruitment brand and expanding the range of advertising methods used, to try and attract quality applicants from as broad and diverse a pool possible. Studies show that the organisations image, reputation and identity plays a vital part in attracting suitable talented applicants (Cable Turban, 2001; Slaughter, Zickar, Highhouse, Mohr, 2004; Lievens Highhouse, 2003). Identifying that in order for the corporate brand to be more successful at attracting suitable candidates there is an importance in promoting and monitoring that brand. Fombrun, (1996) agrees with this stating the reputation of an organisation has been acknowledged as one of the key factors that can affect the probability of potential applicants choosing to apply to work for it. In the same way, organisation reputation has been found to be an important influence on applicants decisions of whether they fit with an organisation and want to join it (Rynes et al., 1991). This researcher has also showed that applicants utilised information on how informative and the ‘recruiter friendliness as an indicator of how an organisation treated its employees. Fombrun (1996) expands this argument to identify that reputation is of particular concern to applicants seeking employment in knowledge-based institutions, such as universities and hospitals, because of the intangibility of the services these organisations provide. Whilst Turban et al. (1998) also found that applicants perceptions of the specific attributes of a post were influenced by their evaluation of the organisation, even if they had been interviewed and were successful. The importance in private/commercial organisations reputation in relation to the recruitment and retention of staff has been well documented in literature, for example: (Turban, 2001) and Cable and Graham (2000), Gray and Ballmer 1998)), there has however been comparatively little consideration on the impact of reputation for public sector organisations. Most people in the course of their life have a need to use the services the NHS provide, some more than others and health is an important issue, not only on a personal level, also in the political arena. The NHS is the UKs largest employer, so many of the UK population are at present working in it, with a great number more many having done so at some point in their lives. In brief, the NHS has a wide range of different stakeholders, who may feel they have a vested interest in the quality; provision of services and ultimately, the reputation. People have varied, and very personal experiences of the NHS and this could mean image and reputation are therefore difficult to manage. The Audit Commission study (2002) study showed that public sector staff think that their image in the eyes of the public would discourage potential recruits from entering the NHS. The study analysed a broad sample of the national press to see if the evidence supported this perception. Analysis showed that plenty of stories are told and while coverage is extensive, the picture of public sector work presented to the reading public is bleak. Of the former public sector workers surveyed, 68 per cent thought that the image of their former profession would discourage people from entering that job. Only 9 per cent thought the opposite that the image would encourage people to enter. The NHS is such a well-known organisation that carries out specific roles in society, that when considering a career in the NHS people often have an idea regarding an occupation they would like to pursue. The GTI (2006) conducted a survey to establish the major determinants that influence applicants in their choice of employer. The results show that for 22% of student nurses and doctors, the reputation of a prospective employer (often influenced by media coverage) is a key factor in determining their aspirations. They identify that word of mouth can be damaging to an employers reputation. If employers get things wrong, it can really affect the way they are viewed by potential employees as over half of the survey respondents have shared their bad experiences with their peers. So for some people the images and reputation of the NHS may be crucial to their decision of whether to work for it. 2.3 Traditional Recruitment Methods Traditional recruitment methods are the way that an organisation announced a job opportunity to the marketplace through a classified advertisement, a job fair, an external recruiter, or other media. Any candidate who happened to see the announcement would submit his or her CV, ring the company for an application form or submit a letter of interest. Lievens and Harris. (2003) stated in the past, job searching was a more time-consuming activity. A candidate who wished to apply for a job would need to first locate a suitable job opportunity, which often involved searching through a newspaper or contacting acquaintances. After locating potentially suitable openings, the candidate would typically have to prepare a cover letter, produce a copy of his or her resume, and mail the package with the appropriate postage. Arboledas, Ferrero and Vidal (2001), presented some examples of recruitment methods that organisations have traditionally used. These were identified as newspaper advertisement, faxed/mailed resumes, recruitment agencies or the use of headhunters. Galanaki (2002) also identified all these methods and defines them as ‘traditional recruitment methods. This idea of traditional methods can also be found quoted in numerous HR texts, which have sections dedicated to recruitment and try to identify best recruitment practices. The authors of such texts include Cole (2004), Rayner and Adam Smith, Armstrong (2007) and Mullins (2005). This was supported by a further IDS study in 2006 that reported that to maximise their chances of appointing the best candidate, many organisations have utilised a combination of online and traditional approaches In 2004 Softworld HR and Payroll identified in a study, that 24% of respondents envisaged e-recruitment entirely replacing all traditional methods of advertising in the future, however 76% of the practitioners surveyed, see it as an additional tool to allow the widest possible range of applicants to be accessed. Traditional methods also identify the use of recruitment agencies in the way of recruiting staff, Recruitment 2020 difficulties in recruitment agency etcc†¦ According to an IES study (2005), recruitment agencies remain confident that the growth in e-recruitment technology will not eliminate their role in the process, as many organisations lack the time and expertise to carry out these tasks. Many organisations, especially smaller ones may also lack the technology to carry out their own recruitment online. With the low unemployment that currently exists the task of finding quality candidates will remain challenging and this may prompt organisations to continue to use agencies, in particular, for specialised, senior or difficult to fill positions In the 2007 CIPD recruitment and retention survey, it was identified for the first time in the UK; corporate websites have broken even with local newspapers advertisements as the most common method of recruiting candidates. 2.4 E-recruitment E-Recruitment is identified as ‘the use of Internet technology to make the job of recruiting staff more efficient and effective, when used together with traditional recruitment methods; the benefits derived from e-recruitment can be considerable. (E-recruitment Best Practice Guide 2007) Internet usage in recent years has seen the recruitment process transformed. Online recruitment, internet recruitment, web-based recruiting and e-recruitment are terms used to describe the use of the internet to recruit potential employees, and mediums to conduct other elements of the recruitment process. We will use the terms interchangeably in this report. E-Recruitment is becoming a significant part of the recruitment strategy of a wide range of organisations worldwide, in addition to becoming an increasingly popular method for job seekers in searching and applying for jobs. According to Schreyer McCarter (1998) e-recruitment refers to â€Å"The recruitment process, including placing job advertisements, receiving resumes, and building human resource database with candidates and incumbents The traditional method of recruitment has been revolutionised by the emergence of the Internet. In the past few years, the Internet has dramatically changed the face of HR recruitment and the ways organisations think about the recruiting function. There is predicted to be a continued dramatic growth in recruiting and hiring via this medium in future years. The utilisation of e recruitment by organisations has seen a general upward trend according to Berry (2205). 93% of organisations were using their corporate website to advertise job vacancies in 2005, compared with 72% in 2002. It would seem that e-recruitment has already been implemented in many organisations from small companies to large organisations. These organisations are already using e recruitment to advertise jobs and accept CVs on the Internet, and also communicating with the applicants by e-mail. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey it was identified that eighty-four percent of respondents have made greater use of e-mail applications in the last three years. Over seven in ten organisations also said they are actively advertising jobs on their corporate websites and using online applications. A survey by the public appointment service in Ireland in 2006, relating to e recruitment in Irish organisations, has also identified a high level of current or intended future use of e recruitment, this being identified as an area forming an important part of the Irish recruitment strategy. Lievens and Harris (2003) have identified the following methods of using the Internet to attract candidates, acknowledging that approaches are continually changing. †¢ Company websites Advertising posts and providing information to candidates through the company website. The facility to apply online is often also provided. †¢ Job Boards Commercial general purpose recruitment portals, (e.g. Yahoo!, Monster.com) and specific industry job boards. †¢ Online Searching Recruiters searching online sources such as company websites/professional chat sites. to identify candidates who may not be actively looking for a position. †¢ Relationship recruiting Using the internet to build and maintain long term relationships with passive candidates, through using internet tools to learn more about web visitors interests and experience and to e-mail regular updates about careers and their fields of interest. Kerrin and Keetley (2005) have suggested that the reasons for many organisations to introduce e recruitment have been recruitment cost reduction, speedier processes, access to a wider pool of applicants and better employer branding. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover survey 2006,  it was also identified that the key drivers for e-recruitment were; reducing recruitment costs (cited by 71%), broadening the selection pool (60%) and increasing the speed of time to hire (47%). It was also noted that over a third of respondents believed it brought greater flexibility and ease for candidates, and over a quarter believed it strengthened the employer brand. This has been firther supported by the IRS Employment review 2007. Reduction in costs E-Recruitment enables employers to reduce advertising costs and remove their dependency on recruitment agencies. Technology in online recruitment is not expensive and the hours saved in the pre-selection process gives hr staff more time. Administration can be significantly reduced in most organisations. This can prove to be particularly important when recruiting high volumes of staff or when receiving high volumes of applications. (DTI 2006, Guertal et al 2007) Cappeli (2001) calculated that ‘it costs only about one-twentieth as much to hire someone online as to hire that same person through †¦ other traditional methods. This can be achieved through significantly reducing advertising costs and by reducing recruitment related administration according to Elkington (2005) An IDS HR Study in April 2006 identified how the Internet now plays a significant role in recruitment activities of employers. The report examined the use of corporate and third party recruitment websites and identified they are being used to reduce advertising costs and tap into a more diverse candidate base. They also identified that technology is streamlining the application process with the encouragement of online applications, linking into sophisticated application tracking systems and allowing organisations to measure the success of attraction methods. IDS state that over 70% of adults utilise the Internet, and employers are using this medium to attract and recruit much more frequently. They identify significant cost savings for employers and reduced time taken to fill vacancies, but are keen to point out the wariness of employees in missing out on potential candidates and feel that traditional recruitment media is set to retain and important role, particularly when recruiting locally or hard to fill jobs. Grout and Parrin, authors of the book, ‘recruiting excellence agree with this assessment by IDS. In an article for HR Director (2006), they identify that online recruitment can improve efficiency by the reduction in man hours involved in the process, and help employers reach a wider and larger audience of jobseekers. They also recognise that it can be a valuable part of a recruitment process, in addition to traditional press advertising and the use of agencies (dti, 2005) Kerrin and Keetley (2005) however, have stated, that the full cost savings are often only realised if the whole recruitment process is carried out online. Reducing time-to-hire With e-recruitment you can cut the time taken to recruit by as much as 75% and recruit the right employees more quickly into the organisation. Time is also saved by spending less time tracking, communicating with and screening applicants. Online recruitment allows the sharing of best practice and improving the consistency of recruitment processes across the organisation. The Public Appointments Service survey showed that a reduction in administrative workload (cited by 49% of respondents), and reduced timescales for hiring (cited by 40% of respondents), were key drivers in the decision to implementing e recruitment. Hogg (2000) stresses a shorter recruitment cycle can be gained by the speed at which several steps of the recruitment process are carried out online. Elkington (2005) supports this and has identified that the immediate posting of jobs online and the effortlessness of completing online application forms and e-mailing CVs to an organisation has made these steps much faster. Moving further into the recruitment process the short-listing process can be accelerated by routinely aligning applications dependent on prearranged criteria (CIPD 2005). Applications can be progressed within minutes rather than weeks, saving both recruiters and job applicants time. Widening Talent Pool Internet tools that enable employers/recruiters to reach a wider pool of potential applicants and to fill positions faster with less cost to the organisation are obviously advantageous in such a competitive environment. Online advertising opens up a wider candidate pool, by providing 24/7 access to job seekers, at local, national and international locations, thus providing a better chance of finding the right candidate (CIPD 2005 1). As job seekers become increasingly more web literate and the growth of broadband makes web surfing easier and cheaper (IRS 2005), the potential for e-recruitment to attract wider candidate pools is increasing. Enhancing Employer brand More and more candidates expect to apply directly online and routinely make judgements about employers based on their recruitment process. To combat this employers are adopting increasingly dynamic e-recruitment solutions to allow them to differentiate themselves and to professionally manage the recruitment process. (Willock, 2005; Paton 2006). E-Recruitment enables an organisation to raise its profile as an innovative, forward looking recruiter and allows the opportunity to provide visitors to the website with a positive experience. E-Recruitment can help to build the image of a brand. Barrow (2005) recommends that organisations build their brand identity very carefully however, warning of a need to ensure substance is beneath the clever name, logo or design, as employees once appointed will see through the facade. This is further supported by Gray and Balmers (1998) term, the ‘routine interactions that outsiders have in shaping image and reputation. Corporate communications are likely to be received with scepticism when they do not match personal experience. Kerrin and Kettley (2003) in their report ‘e-recruitment is it delivering identified a key factor for organisations in their adoption of e-recruitment is the desire to increase their profile as an employer of choice amongst potential candidates and to promote their image as a progressive organisation. CIPD (2005) also demonstrated that more detailed information can be provided on the organisations website than in a newspaper advertisements and in recruitment agency literature, reinforcing the employer brand, improving the corporate image and profile whilst also giving an indication of the organisations culture The use of the Internet allows organisations to pass far more information in a much more dynamic and consistent fashion to candidates than was the case in the past (Lievens and Harris 2003). Applicants therefore have much more information at their disposal before they even decide to apply for a job than in the past. In addition, candidates can easily and quickly search for independent information about organisations from various sources, such as chatrooms, libraries. Therefore, unlike in the past, a candidate may have applied for a job based on practically no information; todays candidate may have reviewed a substantial amount of information about the organisation before choosing to apply. Disadvantages of e-recruitment The CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey revealed some concerns that e-recruitment could increase the number of unsuitable applicants and that it could act as a barrier to recruiting older workers Another factor which seems to be deterring some employers from making greater use of online recruitment systems is a concern over the level of internet access and levels of comfort with internet technology of their target audiences. While usage of the Internet does vary by social group there is evidence to suggest that recruiting online results in at least as diverse an applicant group as those recruited through traditional methods McManus M.A., Ferguson M.W. (2003 A further concern in relation to access is the suitability of online recruitment methods for candidates with disabilities. Research from www.jobsgopublic, 2004, shows that many employers exclude candidates with disabilities by having poorly designed websites and e-recruitment processes, and there is increasing pressure to address this in order to ensure compliance with equal opportunities legislation. (IRS 2007) Developers of e-recruitment technology are increasingly aware of these requirements and are producing products/systems with higher levels of accessibility and that are in line with EU policies and legislation on e-inclusion. Another possible limitation for organisations may include a lack of knowledge of the available options and difficulties in sourcing/ choosing the appropriate technology that will be compatible with their existing HR systems and will serve their needs now and into the future. This report and others e.g. [3] aim to help raise awareness and highlight the issues for practitioners and decision makers. Still limited in its application, typically online recruitment is used to solely advertise and administer the application process Underexploited online recruitment site can gather rich data pn usage most employers do not interrogate the usage to improve effectiveness Considered unsuitable for certain kinds of vacancies Applicants afe not of a better quality 7 in 10 say admin easier to perform 7 out of 10 more likely to improve reputation. 8 out 10 cheaper 2.5 NHS Jobs There was a time when we could assume that the brightest and best of each generation would want to join the public sector. But that is an assumption that we can no longer make, particularly when the financial rewards at the top of the private sector are so great, and too often public sector workers are weighed down by bureaucracy and silly rules. Tony Blair, 1999 (Ref. 1) It has been suggested in surveys by CIPD (20052) and Kerrin