Explain How Children and Young People’s Development Is Influenced by a Range of Personal Factors Essay

There are many influences which can affect a child’s development, personal factors include influences before and at birth, health status and disabilities, sensory impairments and learning difficulties. Genetics affect a child’s development at conception where the sperm and egg determine sex, height and eye colour. If the genetics are faulty this can affect the child’s health and development. During pregnancy the mother needs to ensure that she does not smoke, drink or use drugs, all of these things are made up of toxins which can severely harm the baby which in turn can cause complications at birth and possible delayed development later on in life. Genetics can also cause addiction, depression and low self esteem if these problems run in the family. Difficulties throughout the labour such as anoxia (lack of oxygen) can cause difficulties for development. Read more: Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors essay If a child is born with a condition or develops one later on in life this may affect their development. They may have an illness such as asthma which affects their breathing; this can be caused by living in highly polluted areas or living in a house with people who smoke. Due to this the child may be less likely to play and be active with their friends as their condition may restrict them from doing this, this may mean that the child has a lesser understanding of appropriate group interaction or team playing. Learning difficulties in a child can cause a developmental delay; this means that the child finds learning difficult. Disabilities, sensory impairments and learning difficulties can affect children’s and young people’s development, their disability may affect one area of development which in turn can affect another the development of another area, meaning that overall development cannot occur, this can lead to low self -esteem and self-worth.

New York Yankees Essay

Ever since they became an official organization in 1903, the New York Yankees have established themselves as one of the world’s top sport organizations. As a Major League Baseball team, they have historically achieved the ultimate goal of winning the World Series and have gained fans and profit in the process. With thirty-one different managers, the Yankees have won a total of twenty-six World Series and have built a fan base across the globe (â€Å"New†, 2008). Nowadays, the organization even makes yearly revenue close to 300 million dollars (Cohen, 2007). I chose this organization because I believe that their structure and management style is the definition of success. I will apply most of the methods and concepts from the book and from class to the Yankees, and I will discuss why I consider them to be one of the world’s greatest sport organizations today. First, when analyzing the New York Yankees from a managerial perspective, it is important to consider the structure and management style of the organization. For example, the New York Yankees have three levels of managers: the owner or executive manager who monitors the business environment (George Steinbrenner), the general manager or middle manager who negotiates and controls player transactions (Brian Cashman), and the field manager or first-line supervisor who supervises individuals within the organization (Joe Girardi). For them to be successful, all of these parts need to work together and form a systems-based organization. In this open system, where everything is â€Å"relatively open to the influences of the environment in which it lives† (Chelladurai, 2005), Steinbrenner is able to react to the goals, structures, and processes of the organization, as well as employers, customers, and so forth. Even though the Yankees did not make the playoffs this year, it is easy to see how the system is successful. All of the managers perform certain tasks, some of which include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Each of these levels do these things for different time frames. When discussing the roles of the Yankee managers, it is important to note that all of them have been successful. Brian Cashman has a large decisional role because he has to make the correct decisions for the fans to be content and the team to win. Back when the Yankees won several consecutive championships in the ‘90s, Joe Torre (field manager) was a leader of the team with excellent human skills. He was able to interact with his players in a way that allowed them to perform at or above their potential, and he also had an incredible amount of knowledge for the types of players he needed to succeed. The owner and general manager had good technical and conceptual skills because it was important that they plan, evaluate, and organize the formation of a successful organization. They had to evaluate the existing organization, plan what players to trade for, and organize the business matters. I know that the organization’s main goal is to win national championships, but they also want to be effective and efficient in doing so. When the owner George Steinbrenner goes out and gets all-star caliber players to win the American League East division and the World Series, he has to pay a lot of money in order to attract them to his team. In terms of being a successful leader, it is obvious that George Steinbrenner â€Å"exerts influence in a way that achieves the organization’s goals by enhancing the productivity and satisfaction of the work force† (Chelladurai, 2005) because he is trying to achieve his goals by getting the best players in the league and making his team more productive. It has been known that George Steinbrenner spends the most money on his players in the league, so the efficiency of the team is minimized even though they have the largest fan base out of any organization. The effectiveness, however, in drawing the support of fans, emotionally and economically, is maximized, since the people want to see the best teams with the best athletes play. In 2004, â€Å"by the completion of the season, which saw Joe Torre at its helm for his ninth season, the New York Yankees had set a new team record for largest team attendance thanks to 3,775,292 loyal fans who attended home games at Yankee Stadium† (â€Å"New†, 2008). You can see here how popular the organization has become, and I can only imagine how much more money it can make in the future. In conclusion, I have analyzed an organization that I felt would help me understand the concepts and methods that are associated with sport management. Based on the structure and personnel of the New York Yankees baseball club now and in the past, I classify it as being one of the world’s most successful organizations. This statement can only be judged by the results that have accompanied the Yankees ever since its inception, twenty-six championships and a world-wide fan base.

Discovery Creative Essay

He sat lazily on the cold ceramic tiles of his bedroom, resting his back against the rigid wooden framework of his single bed. With legs outstretched, chest gently dipping up and down and his forehead submissively being supported by his fingertips, Jonas Schmidt reminisced upon the caring and affectionate figure of his father. He reflected upon their journey; a collage of memories flashed through his mind- from the struggle in fleeing Germany and the rise of Nazi power, to the hardships in attaining full Australian citizenship. Seeking refuge in Australia had eventually brought them peace- the beauty of the natural landscape, morphed with the laid-back and generous attitudes of their local community had endowed them with a new life. Together they were ready for a fresh start- until war broke out in 1939. The bloody war. The god-forsaken war. All that remained sat idly in his lap, symbolising the remnants of his father. Slowly, Jonas opened the box; he penetrated into what seemed to be the past, and lifted out the first piece of history – his father’s military uniform. Harold Schmidt wandered into the mess tent of the army base, eager to fit in with the energetic cluster of young Australian men. As he pealed back the doors of the tent, a cacophony of excited noises filled the atmosphere. Thunderous laughter resonated through the room, as men told stories of their past conquests. The clink of mugs echoed, as they acknowledged each other and proceeded to down copious amounts of alcohol. The majority of the men, dressed in the same military uniform as his own, were of the traditional background- broad shoulders, bushy hair and cheesy grins. Ecstatic faces lit up the tent, reminding Harold of the same emotion displayed by his son when they were together. Nervously, he walked up to a group of them, craving to experience the sense of mateship, understanding and acceptance that seemingly emanated from their discussions. Yet at the same time, he was fearful to discover the contrary. â€Å"Hey mate, pull up a chair and join us†, slurred one of the men at the table. â€Å"What’s ya name mate?† â€Å"Er†¦Harold. Harold Smith†, mumbled Harold nervously, not wishing to reveal his German background. The members of the circle eyed  him suspiciously; noticing his distinct physical differences and outlandish accent. â€Å"So where ya from?† â€Å"Brisbane†, he lied. The ring of uniforms erupted into laughter. â€Å"Ah mate, don’t worry, there’s no need to lie about anything here†¦right? We’re all friends.† He indicated around the circle: â€Å"Well that’s Buffer, Swarley, Bomber, Richie and Dougie- we’re all mates from before. Oh, and they call me Shelley, after the missus.† Another round of laughter shook the table. â€Å"Anyway, welcome to the gang†, he said. â€Å"We’ll look after you†. Shelley extended his hand forward.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is going to be alright†, thought Harold, as he shook the warm and assuring hand of the Australian. Suddenly, the alarm signalled to direct the soldiers to prepare to move out. â€Å"Alright lads!†, yelled Shelley, as they all stood up to leave. â€Å"Let’s kill the flamin’ Jerry and send ‘em back to where they came from!† Harold instantly gulped at the prospect of killing his own kind. Sweat saturated his uniform, as he reluctantly marched out of the tent. Jonas retreated from his dream-like state, pondering the reality of the hallucination. Solemnly, he laid the uniform down on the bed with respect. Suddenly, a flash of metal penetrated his eyes, as a crack of light from behind the curtains illuminated the jagged edges of his father’s war medals. Jonas clutched the remnants of his father firmly in his hand; once again returning to the illusory world†¦ As the lights dimmed, Harold stood apart from his platoon. Rising to the rank of First-Lieutenant, he had almost complete command over a number of his fellow soldiers, including his new-found friends. Despite regretting each time he shot an enemy German, Harold had caught the attention of his superiors. However, it was a completely different story amongst his own people. Even at this military celebration, Harold could feel the cynical gaze of the soldiers infiltrating into his inner being. Buffer, Bomber and Dougie deliberately avoided eye-contact with him. Swarley and Richie refused  to sit next to him at the table. Even Shelley eyed him apprehensively; tension developed exponentially between the two former friends. Thus, Harold stood distantly from the group. â€Å"Maybe it’s because I’m an officer now†, he thought. â€Å"Or maybe it’s because they are jealous at my medals. They may have even discovered that I am German-born.† Nevertheless, Haro ld sobbed deeply. He felt lonely. Cursed. Like an outsider. Once again, Jonas withdrew from the vision; his eyes moist, as he expressed sympathy for his father. Delicately, he positioned the medals on top of the chest pocket of the uniform, before reaching into the box once more. His hand brushed the cold crisp metal of the 6-round revolver – the standard-issue side-arm for all officers. His mind drifted away yet again†¦ â€Å"So you’re telling me you’re one of them!†, yelled Shelley, as he stood just centimetres from Harold’s face. Trust. Companionship. Expectations. All broken from the discovery of one word. â€Å"Get off me! That’s an order!† cried Harold, as he clumsily tried to free himself of the fierce headlock that Buffer and Bomber had on him. â€Å"You’ll be court marshalled for subordination!!† â€Å"Does it look like I give a damn? We’re all bloody fighting alongside a Jerry! One of THEM! The same animals that were shootin’ at us ‘bout a minute ago!† â€Å"I’m not one of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shut up! You’re not one of us! You don’t belong here!† With that, Shelley lunged forward and grabbed Harold’s revolver from the holster; muted sounds amalgamated with blurred images as a flurry of action erupted. Jonas jerked ferociously from his revelation; perspiration seeped tentatively down his neck and onto his shirt. He was almost hyperventilating now, as he endeavoured to eradicate the graphic imagery from his mind. Suddenly, the doorbell chimed. Shocked by the abrupt disturbance, he swivelled around to face the doorway. Through the translucent glass, Jonas made out the silhouette of a male figure- standing upright, proud and tall. As his mother unlocked the door, he witnessed a look of disbelief emanate from her face. â€Å"Could it be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Jonas muttered to himself, as his heart continued to race. The door opened, bringing with it†¦ †¦ a new hope.

Business Communication Experience Research Paper

Business Communication Experience - Research Paper Example With this strategy, the organization does not attempt to prohibit any information from reaching those who are involved. Needless to say, this approach requires the manager has complete trust in their subordinates as they rely on them to ensure that there is no leakage of their activities to their rivals. This Strategy has its advantages as the employees who know what is going on are in a position to make proper decisions in reference to the ultimate goal of the company. Top – Down Approach This approach is definitely different from the horizontal approach as the manager here only provides information to their employees on a need to know basis. In other words, employees who are lower ranking within the organization do not have the complete information on the company’s intentions and all they are provided with is the information that they need to get their part of their work done. The need to know basis may prove to be effective in terms of keeping important information f rom the company’s rivals but it also breeds a feeling of distrust among the employees as they feel that the company does not trust them enough to divulge the full information to them (Jones, 2008). However, it should be noted that this communication approach can also be successful in the fact that an employee is able to concentrate on what is required of them without having other influences affecting them. For example, an employee whose job is to ensure that the products of the company are produced in a certain time has nothing else to worry about as their job has been clearly stated by the company and they have no other concern (Rai, 2008).   This report stresses that it should be noted that this communication approach can also be successful in the fact that an employee is able to concentrate on what is required of them without having other influences affecting them. For example, an employee whose job is to ensure that the products of the company are produced in a certain time has nothing else to worry about as their job has been clearly stated by the company and they have no other concern. This means that they will not be bothered by any other factors that they would have been forced to consider had they known they known the end game of the organization. As a result, the employees are able to focus on their duties thus they are able to give their all in the activities that they do. This paper makes a conclusion that the horizontal approach would be the more preferable of the two as despite the fact that there is a risk of having the activities of the company exposed to those who may be considered rivals to the organization, the fact that they know what is going on motivates them to do their best in order to achieve what the company is aiming for. The factor of trust is also essential to the motivation of the employees as they are bound to work harder if they feel that the company has trust in them. As a result, the employee will feel the urge to make sure that they do not disappoint the people that have put their faith in them.

Foundations of IT- Designing a Computer Architecture Essay

Foundations of IT- Designing a Computer Architecture - Essay Example This will help me to develop and evaluate computer algorithms intended for simulating mathematical models of scientific trends. This area entails core problems in continuous algorithms like fast methods for handling linear algebra as well as solving differential equations. I will also build software for simulating challenging physical problems like turbulence in fluids along with crack propagation in solid materials. The computer will help me build accurate methods for discretizing continuous models even as it preserves physical invariants. In addition, I will carry out optimal estimation in the face of limited information. At the moment, computers are based on the von Neumann architecture. Nonetheless, the von Neumann architecture has its limitations. In order to access the data and program in the memory, the central processing unit (CPU) had one bus. This is called the von Neumann bottleneck, due to the limited data transfer rate between memory and CPU. With just one bus, the data and instructions are accessed in sequence, so the CPU waits until the data loads from memory prior to executing the instruction. With the increase of CPU speed, it was evident that a solution is needed to defeat the bottleneck ("Von Neumann Architecture," n.d.). These problems are connected to the von Neumann architecture. In order to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck, the stack memory is used. The stack is a particular memory region that is competently managed by the CPU. It is used to store up variables employed by functions. As a program calls a function, the function variables are pushed onto the stack. The access of variables is faster on the stack than when they were in the main memory, amounting to better performance. Standing on the doorstep of the fifth generation, we obviously expect a lot from future computers than more speed. Computers have come this far in terms of enhancements to the current architectures and their

Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leadership - Article Example This is to fuel further his political agenda. From diverse experience across many organizations, leadership can also be natured. Through Natalie Gochnour, we are able to witness growth in leadership. Maura Carabello on his part builds his career at Time Inc. This gives him the skills, which he later uses to successfully co-found a communications Inc. The communications firm has grown progressively by 30% each year.( www.deseretnews.com/article) David Jordan successfully leads a practice of law earning him a lot of respect. He also practices civic leadership through engagement in leadership of a variety of organizations and activities. This is vital for an all round leader. Clark Ivory is a more technical leader who shows prowess in data driven decisions. Through his analytical decision-making, he leads Ivory incorporation into massive growth. This leads to growth in jobs for the populace. As a leader Rich McKeown shows us how career can be shifted as he begins as a teacher and finally becomes an attorney. He later becomes a chief of staff in one of the state departments and ultimately leads a multi-million dollar consultancy. Kirk Jowers on his part is a highly educated leader from Harvard. He leads the Federal relation for the US. He fuels its expansion worldwide through significant growth. Lastly, Jim Kearl is one of the most sought out professors. To worsen the situation, he is also heavily relied upon by many organizat ions. His expertise also makes him be sought after by many governments for consultancy. (www.deseretnews.com/article) On the contrary, non-leaders are Gladys Prutt; she does not endow trust and belief on her subjects. This lead to the deterioration of Prag’s Social trust. This she was given the role of leading. Scollin Dengony could not initiate good communication procedures. Communication is vital for coordination roles. The Inc’s functions could not

Alcoholic anonymous meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcoholic anonymous meeting - Essay Example Bob Smith in Akron, in the year 1935. The program developed, involves Twelve Step spiritual and character development process which aids in the stabilization as well as growth of the alcohol addict. According to Ohio, "primary purpose is to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety". Individuals belonging to such a self-help group can benefit themselves by learning and adopting diverse skills to build confidence and make amendments in behaviour which enable them to perform well in their social environment. Such an approach not only tapers their alcohol dependence but also enables them to motivate other new members of the group to overcome such awful inclination (AA Better Known as Alcoholic Anonymous; Wormer et al, 2007). Alcoholics Anonymous group offers independence concerning to group membership. One can attend the meeting weekly or as per his/her wish. The group does not possess any red-tape attitude, on the other hand acquaintance and friendships developed in the group do not have any bindings. This is one of the major reasons why such groups are emerging as the most preferred groups to overcome their addiction quandary (Wormer et al, 2007). The group members interact with each other, confess in front of the group that they seek a solution to the problem of alcohol addiction. The group members utilize their previous experiences to tackle the situation by asking all the details of the addiction trouble, the cause of distress, issues that paved the way for alcohol addiction. Members express their gratitude and formulate a plan to overcome their problem and support other individuals or the group members in tackling the situation (Wormer et al, 2007). Spiritualism is the sole motive that incites self renewal attitude in the person. The environment provided to the new comer is congenial and motivating. Group members discuss their personal stories of revival in details and then the session is open for

Pupils of Learning Difficulties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Pupils of Learning Difficulties - Essay Example There is a good number of such assessment strategies now available to the classroom teacher in the detection of children's learning difficulties, especially dyslexia. Dyslexia is sometimes defined as an impaired word and non-word reading ability, which problem is often inherited or genetic in origin (Grigorenko, 2001). In these cases, the problems of dyslexia on lack of phonological awareness, balance and automaticity are perceptible at an early age, such that failure to attend to children predisposed to dyslexia is inexcusable. The relevant literature says early palliative measures are most beneficial to society by teaching at-risk children early phonological awareness, motor skills, memory strategies and visualization techniques through games. If dyslexia cannot be prevented, these measures should at least minimize the damage of this learning difficulty on human motivation and self-esteem, whose effects could be permanent (Crombie). The puzzle that drew the scientific and academic community into the study of dyslexia is the "unexplained" reading failure in children. For the most part, the puzzle remains unexplained insofar as scientific certitude and unanimity is concerned. As a result, the education sector is still unsure of how to detect and address dyslexia in a more efficient manner. One of the major difficulties is that children present inconsistent and contradictory profiles, such that there is no single test for dyslexia with a complete measure of certainty and reliability. What is being done is to build up innumerable bits of data until the picture becomes clear (Turner, 1997). With this method, assessment approaches have been developed to help teachers identify dyslexic children. This paper examines each of the available assessment packages to help classroom teachers detect dyslexia with more accuracy and confidence. 2. Learning Difficulties A child is said to be a candidate for dyslexia when he performs poorly in phonetic reading, the most common sign of word reading difficulties in dyslexic children. Most hypotheses on phonological deficit attribute poor reading to an impaired phonological segmentation skill, which is also called phonological awareness deficit. This is because a phonological awareness deficit may affect different aspects of phonological processing. Thus, difficulty with the output and input phonology is apt to delay the acquisition of letter-sound corresponding rules or impair phoneme blending. This accounts for the persistent occurrence of non-word reading deficit in dyslexic children (Rack, et al., 1979). The ability of children to read nonsensical words is more indicative of the ability to read regular than irregular words. This suggests that at certain stages in reading development, a phonological recording strategy may be used to let the child read regular words as well as non-words. When a child's phonological awareness is deficient, his phonological recording process is also likely to be flawed. Phonology refers to the sounds

Shifting expectations for budget hotels Literature review

Shifting expectations for budget hotels - Literature review Example Budget hotels are the cost effective hotels that are available to the customers at any part of the world. Compared to the luxury hotels the budget hotels have greater industry competition as they have larger customer base. In this paper the researcher has tried to analyze the current scale of Brighton budget hotel business. The researcher with the help of primary research has tried to find out what are the expectations of the Brighton budget hotel consumers and thus in turn tried to find out the shift of customer’s expectations. The objective of the research is to find out the customers’ expectations from the service industry. For this purpose the difference between budget hotel and non-budget hotel has been analyzed along with the analysis of current scale of Brighton budget hotel business has also been analyzed. Through a primary research the researcher has tried to analyze the shifting expectations of the customers from the budget hotels. The customer expectations in the service industry change more frequently than any other industry. It is tough to keep track of the customer expectations in the service industry than an industry where the main product is goods offering (Hseih et al., n.d., p.4-7). In an industry where the customers only perceive the delivered goods, their expectations don’t change as frequently as it changes in the case of the service industry (Infosys, 2009, p.5-7). There are different kinds of expectations that the customer has from the service industry like the predicted service, adequate service and the desired service. The predicted service is one that the customers expect from the company, that is, the minimum basic services which the company should offer to its customers. The adequate service is the level of service that the company should offer to the customers to meet their needs. . The desired level of service is

E-business and Value Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-business and Value Chain - Essay Example This paper explains the firm’s e-business practices and the weaknesses in achieving full potential, giving recommendations on necessary improvements. Introduction Use of Radio Frequency Identification, RFID enabled FedEx transform the express delivery business and particularly its supply chain. Typically, a package would be picked by a FedEx agent and scanned then passed into the system bearing a unique identification number. This would then be taken to the sorting area or hub using a truck with other similar packages. The sorting centres would normally be over two football fields’ long with between 500 and 1,000 workers. Here, the packages would be sorted using conveyor belts system with a remote sensor. The multidimensional scanner would get the dimensions of the cargo including the length, height, width and also the weight of the packages for the determination of not only their sizes, but also the shipping cost. The scanner would read the barcodes on the package then paddles nudge the scanned package onto different belts based on their destination. Nonetheless, some packages could be sorted manually. Finally, the packages would be placed in boxes shaped in a way to ensure maximum efficiency in space utilisation in the plane. FedEx has a control centre that coordinates truck movements while still monitoring airplane and airport conditions. On reaching its destination, FedEx courier hand delivers the package, scanning it again so as to complete the transaction (FedEx 2012). RFID technology enhanced FedEx’s supply chain efficiencies. Q.1 The power of the Internet at FedEx FedEx was the first express delivery company to adopt e-business capabilities in its operations by availing package shipment information to its customers over the Internet (Hemmatfar, Salehi & Bayat 2010). The Internet defined the opportunity for attaining competitive advantage for those businesses that adopted the technology in their business operations. Smith, the founde r and President of the company had foreseen the change in the way of conducting business and interaction of people through Internet business. As such, its customers do not have to physically drop their parcels to the nearest location. Instead, they would order for pick up online or by calling. E-supply chain ensured that these customers access shipment status information when need arises from their desktop terminals. FedEx established a dedicated website and gives each of its customers a unique bar code that would individualise each shipment hence the convenience in tracking one’s packages referred to as FedEx InternetShip. Other than accessing shipping information, customers and recipients would print shipping documentation from the website. According to Harris (2009), FedEx’s PowerShip programmes of 1980s provided high sense of autonomy among its customers, providing the capability of preparing shipments, printing of barcode labels, tracking of packages status and pr oducing invoices, all without engaging any FedEx employee. With more advancement in technology, today, FedEx has adopted m-commerce strategies to provide its customers with wireless solution such as tracking package through the organisation’s home delivery and ground web enabled services. Through these personal data assistance, PDAs customers would virtually access tracking information from any location any time. FedEx entered into an agreement with w-Technologies Inc. that enabled the organisation make its website available on

Blooms Taxonomy Essay Example for Free

Blooms Taxonomy Essay Bloom believes that there are six cognitive levels that classifies thinking in cognitive levels, with each level being more complex than the previous one. Which means that the human brain has the capacity to do more than acquire and understand factual knowledge. Below are the six cognitive levels. 1. Creating Putting elements together to form a coherent, or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating. planning or producing. 2. Evaluating Making judgments based on a criteria and stands through checking and critiquing. 3. Analyzing Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to overall structure or purpose threw the differentialine organizing, and attributing. 4. Applying carrying out or using a procedure through implementing, understanding/ constructing manage from oral, written, and graphic message through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 5. Understanding constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying,classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 6. Remembering retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long term memory. I believe that this is the basic process that most people use to remember and learn a new concept. As almost all projects start with an idea which is where you would create your outline/ idea then you would normally evaluate and analyze that outline/ idea. If you feel that steps one three were going to work you would then apply your idea. Once the idea has been applied it will help you to understand the concept. Which will make remembering it much easier.

Interior design Essay Example for Free

Interior design Essay 1940s prefab buildings Prefabricated houses were nonexistent before the Industrial Revolution, and were nearly impossible to construct (Pile 2005). During the course of time machinery and assembly lines were developed to an extent to allow that the idea of prefabricated houses becomes a reality. Sears Roebuck catalog was among the first to start featuring prefabricated houses in its issues, and each year they brought forth an enormous variety of styles and sizes of prefab houses for sale in 1908-1949 (Davies 2005). 1940s was the period when Americans were really concerned about affordable housing, and prefab, which was affordable and stylish at the same time (Pulos 1988). They could be ordered through catalogues and be ready for resettlement without leaving the homes. Innovation in this sense resulted in a boom among middle class households. Preassembled building components considerably reduced on-site labor and construction duration. Thus, in the late 1940s one solution to the problem was to build prefabricated houses consisting of a kit of parts which were built in a factory, and taken to the building site for rapid construction. Darlaston’s largest engineering firm, Rubery Owen Company Limited also accepted orders for cheap factory-built houses, and so the company’s Structural Department began to produce good quality houses for sale to local authorities and building companies (Parker 2009). Most of the ‘prefabs’ were small factory-built, single storey temporary bungalows with a life expectancy of just 10 years. Although around 156,000 of them were built by Rubery Owen Company limited, there was still an acute housing shortage. They were very comfortable and several options for different sizes of families existed. However, the solution was just temporary given the fact that the livelihood was very short. (Parker 2009) The houses were built around a rust-proof light steel frame with stanchions, trusses, and beams of a substantially rectangular form. To simplify and speed-up the building process, the design included simple forms of attachment for almost any suitable building material. The individual members of the steel structure were produced by bending, pressing or rolling, and the individual components were welded together at the factory. (Parker 2009) (Chandler, et al. 2010) In its turn the new movement promoted the development of steel production. Above all, this practical solution gave space to certain design experiments with again, practical touch. Simplicity and efficacy were the characteristics of designing prefab houses, and they were consequently first of all associated with comfort and space (Arieff and Burkhart 2002). A real success was manufactured house, or the mobile house which could be used for road transportation. Built in kitchen, air-conditioning, clearly and simply separated rooms were predecessors of compound design (Davies 2005). 1940 product design Genichi Taguchi was one of the pioneers of product design in the 1940s who introduced a new philosophy and a methodology on improving quality and design. His concept allowed that quality was â€Å"†¦achieved economically through inspection and product screening† (Cheremisinoff 1990). Taguchi built both conceptual framework and specific methodology for implementing his prospects. Thus, he put the stress on designing in quality, which was rather cheap than manufacturing poor and redesigning for numerous times. Loss function was a pivotal issue in his experiments and activities. Once again, we come over with cost effectiveness and certain elements of simplicity. When observing the experience of the United States we witness a rapidly growing field of design, and specifically in product design initially incepted by Shakers in the eighteen century; a religious community of English and French origin. They initially began developing craft-based objects to meet their own need (Burdek 2005) . Moreoveer, Sigfried Giedion recognized the most creative inventors of interior design – furniture, and describes the 40s as an exceptionally productive phase of inventive intelligence on the part of engineers. (Giedion 1967) Chairs, beds, and cabinets that were convertible, space saving and easy to transport laid the groundwork for American tradition of functional and democratic product culture that lasted until the early 20th century, when society increasingly differentiated into two-class system. (Burdek 2005) Impact of industrialization on product design was enormous. Industrial designers were identified as wizards of change, as they gave a product livelihood; they extended the life of a product with a unique design. (Pulos 1988) They sustained the product with innovation and attractiveness. In line with practical usage these last two features played a key role in advancing in product design and developing new paths for this promising discipline. 1940s was the period when the packaging was becoming as important as the product itself. Customers were buying products locked in nice and inviting packaging. Designers were moving up on the ladder of management, being considered as one of the most actors in promotion and product development. However, late 40s experienced a decline in glamorization of mere design, when quality and design started to balance. (Moskowitz, Beckley and Resurreccion 2006) Speaking about product design entails also a discussion on trademarks; this was also the era when logos, trademarks and brand development joint the bigger game. Product development and design appeared under dependence of trademark development processes. Pulos 1988) 1950s_1960_1970_1980 (youth culture) Youth culture of 1950-1980 is associated with rebellious, revolutionary, democratic and hippie, as well as drug, rock and sexual revolution (Resnik 1990). This is the period when youth rose their voice and expressed their views in the most rebellious ways. (Halliwell 2007) Brake states that the young people had their own distinctive patterns. For his youth culture developed inverse values to the adult world of productive work and conformity to routine and responsibility. The early 70s were highly distinguished in the rise of confronting entities, with liberated worldview and their own free style in fashion, lifestyle and manners. There was a real revolution headed by the youth which still inspires a great number of young people with its strong and burning culture. (Brake 1990) Youth culture was not only influential in the US, but also Great Britain, Canada and Europe. The middle class youth in the 50s was the generation which had more independence. This class became integrated into a general culture which was dominated with drugs, alcohol and sex, which were the primary indicators of independence of adult supervision. Hence, low class youth was illustrated as delinquent and impulsive. (Brake 1990) The earlier studies of youth in the mentioned period made no attempt to view youth in the context of political and social system. Thus, young people were observed as economic consumers of fun, fashion, music and drugs. However, popular music being a central feature in the youth culture, didn’t really reflect the whole wealth of creative and successful youth. Murdock and McCorn pointed out that for example, Presley was adored only by one fifth of interviewed people, the rest pointed out Pat Boone. The first was a rebel and anti authority, and the second encompassed an image of adult approved and self established artist. (Brake 1990) This comes to prove the somehow exaggerated statements on youth culture in the mid and late 1970s (Norton, et al. 2008). The same concerns also the available data on teenagers; they were described as looking glamour, attractive, having fun, all entering into a higher educational system. (Jamieson and Romer 2008)

Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995 Public Inquiry

Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995 Public Inquiry Thilini Nisansala Egoda Kapuralalage 1. Introduction A public inquiry is a review of an event or events that is conducted by the government body to find out what went wrong. Moreover, â€Å"an inquiry is a retrospective examination of events or circumstances, specially established to find out what happened, understand why, and learn from the experiences of all those involved† (Walshe, 2003). Bristol Royal Infirmary (BRI) inquiry is an example of inquiry which The inquiry is related to two teaching hospitals; the Bristol Royal Infirmary (BRI) and the Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children (BRHSC) and particularly the inquiry is related to congenital heart disease; babies with heart problems. The inquiry was carried out by a panel which was chaired by Professor Ian Kennedy from October 1998 to July 2001. 2. A summary of key information 2.1. Background information The National Health Service, in 1984, designated the Bristol Royal Infirmary and the Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children as a centre to provide paediatric cardiac surgeries to the infants under 1 year old. The Bristol Royal Infirmary performed open-heart surgeries while the Bristol Hospital for Sick Children performed closed-heart surgeries. Compared to other paediatric units in UK, Bristol did not have the required standard to perform the surgery. However, the decision to designate a paediatric unit in Bristol mainly made due to geographic issues that the patients had to undergo (Weick Sutcliffe). 2.2. Physical setting Physical setting of the hospital and operation theatre play a pivotal part in the inquiry. The location of BRI is noteworthy and it is located two block away from the BHC. Bristol Royal Infirmary conduct open heart surgeries in their hospital, while Bristol Hospital for Sick Children conduct closed heart operations in their hospital. Although the BRI conduct open heart surgeries, they lack cardiologists and they are in the BHC (Weick Sutcliffe). The operation theatre and ICU of BRI are located in two different floors. The ICU can access through an elevator and the elevator is non-dedicated. After conducting the surgery, the children are moved to sixth floor until they are stabilized. Then they are moved to BHC for further care and treatments (Weick Sutcliffe). 2.3. Administration and staff The CEO, Dr John Roylance directed the regional health authority and hospital board. Simply, these two parties relied on Dr John Roylance. On the other hand, Dr John Roylance relied on Dr James Wisheart who was â€Å"a man of many trades, holding other positions in BRI such as associate director of cardiac surgery and the chairman of the hospital’s medical committee† (Weick Sutcliffe). Furthermore, his patients were already on bypass before his arrival as he was normally late to his surgeries. In addition, Dr Janardan Dhasmana was another surgeon who was â€Å"described as self-critical, disengaged from his surgical team, and unaware of their importance as a â€Å"whole team. (Weick Sutcliffe). 2.4. Performance According to the experts, to maintain required expertise in the surgeries in a centre averagely 80-100 open heart surgeries should be conducted per year. But, the average case load of Bristol was lower than the minimal required cases. In addition, the performance of Bristol did not improve, while the performance of the all other centres began to improve. â€Å"Between 1988 and 1994, the mortality rate at Bristol for open-heart surgery in children under one was roughly double the rate of any other centre in England in five of the seven years. The mortality rate (defined as deaths within 30 days of surgery) between 1984 and 1989 for open-heart surgery under 1 at Bristol was 32.2% and the average rate for the other centres for the same period was 21.2%† (Weick Sutcliffe). Furthermore, the mortality rate increased up to 37.5% by the end of 1990. Also, according to the data analysis from 1990 to 1995, Bristol had approximately 30 and 35 excess deaths (Weick Sutcliffe). 3. Information about the issue 3.1. What happened? 3.2. How it happened? The series of incidents happened because of several reasons. First is the poor organisation of BRI. Open-heart surgery service had been provided in two sites where they lacked the proper staff to maintain the required care and treatment to the patients. Second is the lack of physical resources. The BRI was doing only the surgery and later they transferred the children into the BCH for further treatment. This cause to another issue of poor team work where the staff was not involved in the surgery and treatments effectively. Also, the BRI was using the same ICU for both adults and children. Third is the lack of information sharing with the parents and they were unaware of the relevant information (Hindle, Braithwaite, Travaglia, Iedema, 2006). 3.3. Who was involved? Few key figures were involved in the issue and they were Dr John Roylance, Dr James Wisheart, and Dr Janardan Dhasmana. First, Dr John Roylance was the CEO of the hospital but he had mentioned that he was unable to interfere with the work that were done by the surgeons. Moreover, he â€Å"chose to ignore warnings from whistle blower Steve Bolsin about the standard of operations being offered to young children† (BBC, 2003). Second, Dr James Wisheart was the director of the BRI and he claimed in an interview with BBC Radio 4’s that â€Å"the babies who died suffered from serious conditions and most had additional complications. He believed he would be vindicated in time† (BBC). Third person who was involved in Bristol was Dr Janardan Dhasmana and he was number two to Dr James Wisheart. He was responsible for over 29 deaths. Also, four babies were left brain damaged after the surgeries (Woods, 1998). 3.4. Reasons to failure There are several factors that caused the failure of surgeries at BRI. First is the poor team work which affects the performance of the work and final outcome. Effective team work plays a pivotal factor to succeed the surgery but it was absent at BRI. Second reason to failure is lack of openness. The system and culture of BRI was different and they did not encourage their staff to share their issues openly. â€Å"Those who tried to raise concerns found it hard to have their voice heard† (Kennedy, 2001). Third is the lack of human resources. There was a significant gap between the resources available at BRI and the required resources in the PCS unit. There were a shortage of staff from operating theatre and ICU. Furthermore, â€Å"the complement of cardiologists and surgeons was always below the level deemed appropriate by the relevant professional bodies. The consultant cardiologists lacked junior support† (Kennedy, 2001). Fourth is the lack of physical resources. The B RI and the BCH were located in two different places. The BRI conducted the surgeries and after that, the patients were transferred to the BCH for further treatment and care. In addition, the ICU at BRI was not properly organised and it was a mixed unit that cared for both adults and children (Kennedy, 2001). 3.4. Who discovered the problem? The performance of pediatric cardiac unit began to concern in early October of 1986 by a professor of the University of Wales. He reported to the Regional Health Authority about the unit’s performance and the authority concluded that the problem was related to the volume of cases. In addition, Dr Stephen Bolsin, a consultant anesthetist who joined the Bristol hospital in 1988, found few issues with the performances. What he noted was that surgeries done in BRI took a long time than usual and the babies were kept under the by-pass machine for a long time (Weick Sutcliffe). Apart from Bolsin’s complain to the colleagues, he reported this issue to Dr John Roylance, the CEO. But Bolsin did not receive positive reaction from the CEO about the issue. Moreover, a Pediatric Pathologist at Bristol wrote an article to report about the â€Å"post-mortem examinations of seventy-six Bristol children who had under gone surgery for congenital heart disease† (Weick Sutcliffe). In 1989, the article was publish in the Journal of Clinical Pathology. According to the article, â€Å"29 cases of cardiac anomalies and surgical flaws that contributed to death† (Weick Sutcliffe). Furthermore, several articles that criticised about the Bristol Paediatric were published in Private Eye (Weick Sutcliffe). 3.5. Why did it go undetected for the period of time? 4. Recommendations 4.1. Patient-centered health service Patients should be informed about the care that they are going to undergo. Several methods can be adhered to provide information to the patients. With relevant to the inquiry, it is evident that there were certain occasions that the communication between the staff and the parents was poor. During the treatments, some parents were given counselling, while some were not. However, â€Å"the United Bristol Healthcare Trust (UBHT) conceded in its evidence that the service it provided was insufficient to meet the needs of some parents† (Kennedy, 2001). Therefore, a good communication is required and the doctors should not judge what information should to be informed. It is parents who should make that decision (Hindle et al., 2006). 4.2. Safety and quality A safe and quality environment should be created to the patients. In Bristol, the arrangements, the state of equipment and buildings, and the training of the staff did not meet the required standard and these things were possible to create a damage to the service. To mitigate this, the authorities should remove the barriers to a safe and quality service while promoting the openness and publishing required standard of quality and care (Hindle et al., 2006; Kennedy, 2001). 4.3. Healthcare professionals’ competence Health service providers should possess the required standard of skills, expertise, and educational level. Furthermore, they are capable of good communication and team work. In Bristol, the system did not demand the professionals to keep their skills and knowledge up to date. 6. References BBC. Im not perfect, says Bristol surgeon Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/568511.stm BBC. (2003). The Bristol Babies Inquiry Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1148390.stm Hindle, D., Braithwaite, J., Travaglia, J., Iedema, R. (2006). A comparative analysis of eight Inquiries in six countries. Kennedy, I. (2001). The report of the public inquiry into childrens heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995: learning from Bristol. Walshe, K. (2003). INQUIRIES: LEARNING FROM FAILURE IN THE NHS? : Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M. Hospitals as Cultures of Entrapment: A RE-ANALYSIS OF THE BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRMARY. Woods, M. (1998). Bristol heart scandal surgeon is dismissed Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/bristol-heart-scandal-surgeon-is-dismissed-1197097.html pg. 1

The Monk Essays -- Essays Papers

CHARACTER ANALYSIS The Monk When one thinks of a monk, he may imagine someone who studies, prays, and performs manual labor. The Monk, one of the thirty pilgrims travelling on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in The Canterbury Tales, is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He is rebellious, ignores rules, and lives and controls his own life. Chaucer, the narrator and author of The Canterbury Tales, shows these characteristics in the way the Monk looks, the things he says and does, and in the things the host, a character in "The Monk's Prologue," and Chaucer say about him. The Monk is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He hunts hares and rides horses instead of studying, praying, and working. He does not follow the rules of the monastery which say that monks should not hunt, be reckless, nor leave the monastery. Instead,they should study and perform manual labor. The Monk ignores these rules. Chaucer shows that the Monk does not care about the rules when he says, "He yaf nought of that text a pulled hen"(Norton, p.85) and when he says, "Of priking and of ...

Essay --

Dalton 1 Prairie Dalton Sherry Prewitt ELA Period 2 2/25/14 The 1960’s were a time of freedom and revolution for the United States. The decade brought along a changed world and a transformed culture. The 60’s hosted an influential series of events that opened many doors in politics, war, and pop culture that would continue to have an impact for many years to come. The beginning of the 60’s marked a point in time when the children of the post World War II baby boom became teenagers and young adults. This collective youth wanted change for the world in which they were growing up. These changes affected education, values, lifestyle, and laws as well as many other things. The surge of youth caused the conservative way of the previous decade to sway to a more liberal path. People learned that politics could be affected through peaceful demonstrations and protests. This change in thinking affected many things during that time, and still has an effect today. (Goodwin, Susan and Becky Bradley.) The 60’s were an especially big year for politics. With the beginning of the decade came the inauguration of charismatic, young J.F.K. The president wanted to get the country moving again, after the effects of the previous war. Kennedy made promises of keeping the United States ahead of the Dalton 2 Soviet Union in the Space Race and Cold War. The nation was on the brink of a new political era. Once elected, winning against Richard Nixon by a landslide, he raised minimum wage, set up peace corps and heavily supported the coming civil rights movement. (â€Å"Politics: Power to The People†). Problems such as racial justice and gender equality h... ...l-known english model of the time, popularized short hair as well as different makeup styles, including nude lips and large false eyelashes. Men’s styles included bright, colorful patterns and fabrics that contrasted the pastels that were in style for women. Suits included frills and cravats, wide ties, crazy prints and leather. (â€Å"Fashion in The 1960’s†) Longer hair was also becoming more acceptable for men after The Beatles became popular, influencing â€Å"mop-top† styles and shaggier hair. Towards the end of the decade, the androgynous hippie style emerged. It included flared bell-bottom jeans, tie-dyed shirts, headbands and sandals. After ten years, the decade finally came to a close. Changes in politics, war and pop culture opened many doors for coming decades. Events in these areas were not only impacted the 60’s, but impacted more in many ways for years to come.

A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America Essay -- health, pr

Abortion refers to a medical procedure which at times is surgical, that is used to terminate an ongoing pregnancy by expulsion of the placenta and the fetus before it is mature or viable. There are several reasons why abortion may be procured. Some reasons could be personal in the case of a pregnancy that was not planned for, others could be medical. Medical reasons could be a wide range but focusing on the health of the mother or the baby. If carrying a pregnancy to term would affect the health of the mother either physically or mentally an abortion would be recommended (Solinger 2005).cited with MLA styles When abortion is done in consideration to the health of the unborn child it is when it’s determined that the child could have dire mental or physical disabilities. The mode and means undertaken to perform the process depend on how advanced the pregnancy is, the safety and also in some cases the legality. Abortion has been performed for long periods of time and has been passed over the generations. The methods used have evolved over these generations with some proving fatal and others working like they had been expected to. In recent times, abortion can be performed safely due to numerous advances in technology and in medicine. Before 1973 abortion was not legal in the U.S and various methods were used in procuring abortions. Some of these were crude in every sense and were performed in back-alleys either, by medical professionals or by crooks (Solinger 2005). Many a time, they proved fatal to the young women who sought them and resulted in death. Some died of the abortion procedure itself while many more died of infections after the procedure. As a result, many women struggled to keep abortions a secret due to its i... ...urces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. . Blake, J.. "Abortion And Public Opinion: The 1960-1970 Decade." Science 171.3971 (1971): 540-549. Print. Halfmann, Drew. "Historical Priorities And The Responses Of Doctors' Associations To Abortion Reform Proposals In Britain And The United States, 1960-1973." Social Problems 50.4 (2003): 567-591. Print. Hull, N. E. H., and Peter Charles Hoffer.Roe v. Wade: the abortion rights controversy in American history. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2001. Print. Williams, Mary E.. Abortion: opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Print. Brown, James. "Study findings from Linkoping University broaden understanding of induced abortion.." New York Times 22 Apr. 2010: 45-47. Print. Alphabetize and indent all 2nd, 3rd of citation Italicize tittle of books

JIL Church Attendance Monitoring System

The main purpose of this study is to develop a better attendance monitoring system in JIL Church in Iligan City. This study intends to fill such weaknesses of the proponents found. JIL Church Attendance Monitoring System maintains a daily record of a person’s arrival and departure time from Church. Time and attendance system are the modern day equivalent of the paper time sheet or attendance that are done manually.Through this system the leaders of the church that whose assign for the attendance sheet are they done without struggling for maintaining daily record of a person and makes it easy and fast for monitoring the attendance of every attendee. An Attendance Monitoring System serves as a time log that is set up as a computerized database. Using of this computerized database it can monitor the attendance of every person attends in church activity. There is a difference in recording keeping if that person is a first-timer or attendee or regular attendee. An attendance monito ring system for a person would contain attendee history, references and performance information.The system contains also the person's name, address, day, time, month and number of person’s attended that determined the level of her/his life-growth and the inviters. The system keeps records in order and is frequently updated. When seeking person’s information, the pastors can request certain reports to be printed from the attendance monitoring system even for the whole attendance of every activity for the whole month or for the whole year are automatically calculate every datails on that activity with necessary reports and information.Statement of the problem Statement of the problem†¢ Existing system to monitor attendance does not exist. JIL Church still doesn’t have a computerized system in their management . This computerized system make easier to JIL group leaders to manage the attendance problem and more systematic. †¢ Save time and keep data more s ecuredThe point here is to reduced time and ensure that the data is kept systemically and free from damage. †¢ Create a systemic and effective attendance monitoring system The management for the attendance process is not systemic because when using the manual system, there are lot of disadvantages and problems. They should replace the manual system to a computerized system to manage all the process properly.Objectives†¢ To provide a computerized system with high efficiency, error free and high quality services to the users concerning the attendance record. †¢ To build a system that can reduce the number of damage data. †¢ To build one system that helps the JIL group leader to makes his/her work easy and fast in attendance and accurate head counts.The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church in Iligan City are done manually. This process of monitoring requires tremendous manual work. Based on interviews and observation, the following problems have been establi shed. Inaccurate head count.Slow processing and prone to alternation. Time-consuming of preparation of reports.General Problem The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church are done manually and there is a possibility that all information will lost and disorder files.Objectives of the problemThis study is to design and develop a computer-based system for a better attendance monitoring system for YJ and Sunday Service of the JIL Church in Iligan City. The following are the solution for a better attendance monitoring. Through this system all attendees are have accurate head count. The attendees are easy to monitor.All reports of the whole week of a month are on time and updated .Scope and limitation of the study There are many branches in Jesus Is Lord Church in the Philippines but this study focus only in JIL Church in Iligan City, Area 54 where located at Tibanga, Iligan City.

Study of inclusive learning analysis

Lord Sandy Leitch was commissioned by the authorities in 2004 to transport out an independent reappraisal of the long-run accomplishments that the United Kingdom would necessitate to accomplish maximal growing, productiveness and societal justness by 2020. The reappraisal identified that the UK was dawdling behind in the accomplishments market compared to other states such as USA, Canada and South Korea. This is mostly due to the fact that in the past chances to derive accomplishments has been elitist in that merely those who can afford to come on educationally to derive accomplishments have done so, this has meant that people have non been given the chances to make their full potency. More than a 3rd of working grownups have non achieved even the basic makings ensuing in a big proportion lacking in basic accomplishments – numeracy and literacy. The imperativeness release from the authorities summarises the Leitch study as saying that out of 30 Organisation for economic co-operation and development ( OECD ) states, the UK is 17th on low accomplishments, 20th on intermediate accomplishments and 11th on high accomplishments. Five million grownups in the UK lack functional literacy which is represented as a degree 1 making and 17 m illion grownups have trouble with Numberss. It besides stated that more than one in six immature people leave school unable to read, compose or add up decently. A extremely skilled work force is indispensable to the state ‘s economic growing to enable it to run into the demands of the consumer. The benefits for the person will intend higher incomes and raise aspirations, for employers it a greater accent on vocational accomplishments Lord Leitch concludes: â€Å" Skills were one time a cardinal lever for prosperity and equity. Skills are now progressively the cardinal lever. † Sir Andrew Foster was asked to transport out a reappraisal of the future function of Further Education colleges in 2004. The reappraisal identified that some strengths within his study such as a committed and professional work force, a strong committedness to inclusion, a diverseness of classs already provided. On the other manus many failings were highlighted such as jobs with the degree of makings and accomplishments, image & A ; repute through underperformance although this was pointed out that it merely affected 4 % of the proviso, conflicts between FE colleges, the LSC and the DfES, there were excessively many organic structures inspecting, reding and regulation and excessively many pupils do non accomplish the making on the class that they enrol, in drumhead that they are non gaining their full potency. The recommendations were to hold a greater accent on vocational classs, those that end with a making so that they can be used within the work force. Local employers need to be consulted on what skills they require their work force to hold so that the classs offered are relevant to the local community. Another recommendation is that any reviews should hold a lighter attack ; colleges should non being inundated with inspectors. Colleges need to work within the community to offer indispensable accomplishments by supplying outreach to those that would non be able to entree the college, guaranting inclusion. Students should have impartial advice from colleges with respect to classs that suit them and non the college. More establishments schools, colleges, voluntary administrations, support administrations and Higher Education constitutions should all work with each other for the benefit of the scholars and the employers. As with the Leitch reappraisal these recommendations will take clip, support and attempt from all involved. The LSC has undergone major alterations through the ‘Agenda for Change ‘ plan which supports the recommendations in the Foster study in run intoing the work force accomplishments in the employment sector, by support classs that have vocational makings. As a consequence of the Leitch reappraisal the Government made a recommendation that all childcarers hold the lower limit of a current degree 3 certification in early old ages. In order to accomplish this they can use for support through the ‘Transformation Fund ‘ which was set up by the Government as portion of ‘Choice for parents, the best start for kids: a 10 twelvemonth scheme for child care. This gives parents a greater pick about returning to work and guaranting that their child care demands are met.MentionsReece & A ; Walker ( 2000 ) Teaching, Training and Learning: A Practical Guide, Business Education Publishers Ltd Smith, M. K. ( 2001 ) ‘Donald Schon: acquisition, contemplation and alteration ‘ , the encyclopaedia of informal instruction, www.infed.org/thinkers/et-schon.htm accessed on 26th October 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/2006/press_leitch.cfm accessed on 21st October 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/2006/press_leitch.cfm accessed on 21st October 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance accessed on 25th October 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_Professional_Development accessed on 26th October 2007Provide infusions from their on-going brooding acquisition diary which will analyze and measure:Their apprehension of the rules and procedures of rating including its function in quality confidence.‘Evaluation is the procedure of roll uping and/or utilizing information for the intents of finding the value and worth-whileness of the topic of the rating procedure ‘ ( Birley & A ; Morel 1998 ) . Evaluation involves the systematic finding of the quality, value or importance of things. In the context of the third instruction reforms, the acceptance of an appraising attack means a direct focal point on ‘valued results ‘ and ‘key lending procedures ‘ . It is of import that the elements of the rating model are clearly identified and that the model and elements are consistent and practical. A important facet of the third reforms is that a common model for quality confidence will use across the sector. There will, nevertheless, be fluctuations in the appraising methods, tools and attacks used in sub-sectors. The purpose is to hold a flexible attack, antiphonal to the demands of the sub-sector, without compromising the unity and utility of the overall rating procedure and findings. Principles and cardinal characteristics of self-assessment and external rating and reappraisal are reciprocally reenforcing and support improved results for scholars. The cardinal characteristics provide illustrations of what the rules could look like in pattern. Evaluation inquiries guide the way and purpose of the rating procedure. ( Evaluation inquiries are open-ended inquiries about quality, value or importance, for illustration: How effectual is the learning? How good do programmes and activities meet the demands and aspirations of scholars? ) Evaluation indexs identify the ‘valued results ‘ and the ‘key procedures ‘ likely to lend to them, every bit good as placing what the grounds for these might look like. They besides signal possible causal relationships. Evaluation indexs are supported by research, and sector and bureau experience, about what works. This paper deals specifically with the first component of the model – the rules. There will be audience on the other elements as work progresses in these countries.Overarching rules of new quality confidenceThe undermentioned rules underpin the new attack to quality confidence. 1. The primary duty for quality and betterment prevarications with single TEOs. Therefore self-assessment should be embedded in TEOs ‘ modus operandi planning, operational and concern activities. 2. It is intended that the rating model provides a common footing for quality confidence across the third sector. 3. The focal point for quality confidence will be on the quality of larning which is considered to be the combined consequence of the quality of the acquisition experience ( including learning ) and the value of the results achieved. This is illustrated in Figure 2. The quality of the acquisition experience The quality of larning = + The value of the results achieved Figure 2 – The focal point on acquisition and instruction 4. While concentrating on the quality of acquisition, conformity with the regulative agreements remains of import. TEOs will still be required to show that they comply with relevant statute law and ordinances. Figure 3 shows the relationship between results, cardinal procedures act uponing results and conformity with the regulative agreements. The methods of accomplishing desired results vary depending on context. There is no ‘one right manner ‘ and TEOs are encouraged to be advanced and flexible in response to local fortunes, within the restraints of the regulative agreements.ResultsEvidence of TEO part to: scholar results ( accomplishment and advancement ) TEO degree results system degree resultsConformity with Regulatory AgreementsEvidence of TEOs run intoing legislative and regulative demandsKey Processes Influencing OutcomesEvidence of TEO internal systems and procedures for: demands designation at scholar, employer, regional and national degrees quality betterment ( sing grounds of both procedure and result ) Figure 3: The relationship between results, cardinal procedures and conformity 5. The quality confidence system will recognize and reflect the typical parts of TEOs including specific acknowledgment of the nature and functions of MA?ori suppliers such as wA?nanga. A This means that within the rating model there will be different tools and procedures developed for different types of TEOs. It is intended that the new quality confidence system will back up the overall construct of high trust and high answerability. There is besides an outlook that those facets of the current system that are already working good will be retained and enhanced. It is intended that TEOs can go on to utilize their ain systems and processes where these back up the purposes of the move to an rating methodological analysis. The undermentioned subdivisions outline in more item the rules of the self-assessment, and external rating and reappraisal constituents of quality confidence.Self-assessment‘Self-assessment ‘ ( or ‘self-evaluation ‘ or ‘self-review ‘ ) here refers to the procedures a TEO uses to set up grounds of its ain effectivity. The consequences of this procedure can so inform hereafter planning, supply grounds to inform decision-making, and contribute to the actions taken to convey about betterment. Self-assessment is non limited to a one-off appraising exercising prior to external reappraisal. Self-assessment involves an administration consistently measuring how good it: programs and manages, based on sound information and professional determination devising ; determines and responds to stakeholder demands attracts scholars because of the quality of the instruction and the quality of the programmes provided gets scholars on the right tract to win manages the acquisition and appraisal procedure analyses scholar and other stakeholder results, including the valued added, and utilize this honest and crystalline analysis to inform future programme design and bringing determines the relevancy of programmes to stakeholder demands Ensures that learners advancement to relevant and purposeful finishs.Their ain application of rating procedures, working with others and their usage of informations and other feedback for rating.Embedded equality of chance and regard for diverseness within your instruction and acquisition patterns.Analyze the impact of ain professional values and opinions on instruction and acquisition.

Boeing Company note cards Essay

The Boeing Company started initially as Pacific Aero Products Company and then William E. Boeing, the founder of The Boeing Company incorporated it on 15 July 1916 in Seattle, Washington. The company with its steady progress has emerged as of the leading manufacturers of commercial jets in the world. The major competitor of Boeing Company is the Airbus, which is run by the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company. The first of the modern airliners in the world produced by the Boeing Company was Boeing 247 that was manufactured in the mid of 1933. After conducting several researches and studying the market the company came up with an innovative pressurized cabin that was capable of flying even in the rough weathers with an altitude of 20,000 feet. This was a remarkable invention in the world of aeronautics. (Boeing Historical Archives, 2009) The Model was named â€Å"307 Stratoliner† and this was the first four-engine airliner that was offered in domestic services and with that the model also was able to mark new standards with its USP on speed and comfort jointly. Initially Boeing manufactured 10 Stratoliners but then they stopped the production when World War II started. The Stratoliners were then used in Army Transport Command for the later five years. The smart thing that the Boeing Company did was to maintain close ties with the US Department of Defense and as a result the Boeing Defense, Space and Security is currently $34 billion dollar company with more than 68,000 employees all around the world. The Headquarter of the company is situated in St. Louis, Missouri, US. (Company Snapshot, 2010) With increasing trend of moving towards the concern of environment and generation of substitutes to fossil-based jet fuels, the Research and Technology department of Boeing has joined forces with PetroChina that would evaluate the potential of biofuel. The company is then likely to enter in to the biofuel industry as well which will include a full-fledge laboratory that will emphasize on renewable algae biomass that can be harvested as seed and then processed to convert into a jet fuel. The research will be conducted to analyze and monitor all possible phases of sustainable aviation biofuel development. (PR News, 2010) Boeing as provides military aircrafts and other products to different governments therefore the operations of the company are very sensitive. To consider the demands of government, special attention needs to be paid. However, up till now the company has been able to maintain good relationships with different governments of the world by providing them quality and reliable products. But this relationships needs to be tied further longer as now governments have alternatives because of competitors coming into the industry. (The Boeing Company, 2010) In this research we would analyze how Boeing relates to different governments to whom it serves and what kinds of products do the company offers to them. Objective The objectives of the research report are: †¢ to analyze the extent to which Boeing relates with its customers and government to it serves †¢ to examine the relationship between Boeing and government it services and the nature of their relationships Both primary and secondary sources have been used to collect the data. Primary sources include the interviewing of executives of Boeing whereas secondary include researching through internet, published papers, books, ebooks, etc. Government is one of the main customers of Boeing and providing military aircrafts and other items is one of the main products from which the company earns revenue therefore, Boeing needs to have a successful relationships with government in order to maintain its position. As these products are very sensitive from the government point of view, therefore it is imperative that Boeing should consider what the government demands. This will help both, the government and the company, and will help in building better relationships. Literature Review Department of Defense: The Department of Defense generates about 80% of revenues for Boeing Defense Space. The refined communications networks of the company in air, land, sea, and even on space-based platforms for the military is unmatchable. A press release that is published few months back promotes the NewGen Tanker of being as a widebody, multi-mission aerial refueling aircraft, the NewGen Tanker is manufactured as an advancement of the commercial aircraft Boeing 767. This model projects is USP as friendly to the environment and low on fares through low taxes. The aircraft is capable of burning 24% less fuel than its previous version. (Press Release, 2010) If the US Air Force accepts the proposal of manufacturing the model commercially, the company will be offering more than 4,500 jobs in the market and will offer an addition of $233 million dollars to the state of California. In the market of defense sales, the company’s major competitor is Lockheed Martin who revenues are largely based on the sales of US government, which results to about 85%. Boeing Defense, Space & Security or Boeing Military Airplanes Formerly known as Boeing Integrated Defense, renamed as Boeing Defense, Space and Security is a unit of The Boeing Company is in charge of defense and aerospace products and services. It was formed in 2002 with the merger of Military Aircraft and Missile Systems and Space and Communications. Boeing has become third largest defense contractor in the world and responsible for 51% of company’s income by 2008 due to its unit Boeing Defense, Space and Security. Boeing IDS is based in Berkeley, Missouri, USA, near the city of St. Louis. It has also remained the largest employer in St. Louis County in 2000. (The Boeing Company, 2010) Boeing Military Airplane Company; Hughes Satellite Systems; Hughes Helicopters minus the commercial helicopter products (which were stripped as MD Helicopters); Piasecki Helicopter, afterwards known as Boeing Vertol and then Boeing Helicopters; the St. Louis-based McDonnell division of the former McDonnell Douglas Company; and the former North American Aviation division of Rockwell International are few major names in aerospace which are the result of consolidated group of Boeing Defense, Space and Security Defense and other With the increasing number of passengers it was realized that it is important to stay in touch through computers, for the reason Boeing introduced Connexion by Boeing providing internet connectivity through satellite. In 2005 it started its products to journalists. However due to huge competition it was difficult for the company to sell it to most airlines Boeing together with SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation) was the chief contractors of US military’s future combat system program. This program was cancelled in June 2009 with the remaining system cleared to the BCT modernization program. On the transfer of Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates in defense, the spending was shifted to making the tough choices about specific systems and defense priorities based exclusively on national interest. This decision hit the Boeing hard due to the heavy involvement of them which cancelled Air Force their projects. (Norris, 2001) Boeing improving its technology The Boeing Company is also aiming to offer 787 Dreamliner that will focus on unmatched performance and combinations of newest technologies. This model will be able to burn 20% less fuel than its competitive airplanes, with more cargo capacity, and more than half of the structure will be developed through composite materials that will eliminate the use of aluminum sheets and fasteners. About 250 passengers will be accommodated in the airplane and they will get the advantage humid interior environment. Ever since The Boeing Company came into the market in 1916, it has focus to adapt the new technologies and emphasized more on researches, their exceptional results in performance and comfort are the success factors of the company. Government as a Client The major client of the company is governments. The U. S government is the top corporate client of The Boeing Company, but the U. S government is not the only government that is the client of Boeing. The other governments of the world are also major contributor to the revenue of the Boeing Company. The other governments are mostly the US allies and their revenue contribution although is not equal to US government but still it is better than most of the million dollar companies. Boeing is not only responsible in the sales of military aircrafts to governments, but the company also manufactures and sells commercial airplanes to private airlines all over the world. In 2010 the Indian government also forwarded a tender to the Boeing company which resulted in the sales of eighteen Boeing 777and twenty seven 787 Dreamliners to Air India Company. Dependence on US government and WTO-incompatible subsidies As discussed above, the company’s major revenue is from the US government which incorporates the 65% of the total revenue share annually. The Boeing Company’s major competitor Airbus criticizes the company’s policies for the subsidy contracts from the US government and its financial support to attract foreign and domestic clients especially in the model Boeing 7E7 model, Airbus states that financial support is more than double what it gets for its new model Airbus A380. This fact is undoubtedly strength for The Boeing Company where they stand on a win-win situation due to its close ties with US government. (Robertson, D. 2006) Political contributions, taxes, and advocacy The lobby expenditures of Boeing in the year 2007 were report to $4. 14 million whereas in the year 2006, the expenditure was even more totaling to $9. 12 million. The company received $15. 3 billion as long-term debt from Export-Import Bank of the United States. (Boeing, 2010) In 2009, April issue of Business Week magazine, the Boeing Company was reported as one of 25 US companies paying the least US taxes. The magazine statistics stated that according to the accounts the company paid 3. 2 % taxes whereas the standard corporate tax rate was 35% Controversies Boeing has been also protesting over the aid provided to its competitor Airbus in terms of long term credits, whereas Airbus has its statement that Boeing has been receiving subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks that are totally illegal. Methodology Both the methods were used for the collection of data for this research report on Boeing i. e. primary sources and secondary sources of data collection. Primary sources include interviewing of few Boeing staff members whereas secondary sources include different sources have been researched using internet, library, published papers, books, news and magazines. Primary method was to interview few of Boeing staff members to know about the role government plays, how the government affects their operations, how government benefits them, and what the future plans of Boeing are. However, besides the primary research the substantial amount of research is based on secondary data collection and the main reason for selecting the secondary data as the main source for conducting the research is that it takes less time and effort. Besides this, the collection of data is easier and cheaper using secondary data rather than using primary sources of data collection. Secondary data is readily available from different sources and also it is accessible for everyone. The advancement in technology and particularly because of internet, today conducting research has been far easier than before. Also many authentic and reliable sources were found from where data was collected; therefore the purpose of conducting primary research or interview was almost equal to zero. There are number of advantages of using secondary data as a means to conduct the research besides the time, cost and effort required. As many of the research have been conducted by government officials and professional researchers therefore the chances of biasness have been reduced and more accurate data can be found. Secondary data is very handy because data from different geographic regions can be collected and you do not have to go to different locations to collect the data but you can all at one place. Also secondary data is important because one can analyze the trend and view the past records. Limitations of the research include different people in the Boeing Company as well as in government sector were to be interviewed but because of lack of time these officials were not able to give us their time. Also few of the people who were to be interviewed had been out of city therefore only a small number of Boeing staff had been interviewed only. Analysis Financial Analysis of the Company 2008: Boeing’s annual revenue in the year 2008 was 60. 9 Billion USD and it had shown a decline of 8. 25% from 2007. And the net earnings of Boeing were $279 billion with a decrease of 34%. (10) 2009: 2009 proved to be a lucrative year for the company as the revenue increased by 12. 10% from 2008. The total revenue recorded in the year was $68. 3 billion showing an increase of $7,372 million. Revenues from defense also increased by $1,614 million mainly because of more revenues generated from Boeing Military Airplanes and Global Services and Support. (9) Operating earnings of the company increased by $67 million from the last year and this was because of more earnings from Military Airplanes segment. First Quarter of 2010: The year 2010 has also shown good signs for Boeing as the operating margin has increased to 7. 7% with revenue of $15. 2 billion in the first quarter, with net earnings of $0. 5 billion. The company expects the total revenue from this year would be in the range of $64 to $66 billion. Although this figure is less than 2010 revenues but Boeing in the year 2011 the company expects the revenues and profits to be much higher than what it were in 2009. The main reason for increased revenue is that Boeing would deliver new airlines – the 787. Role of Government: Going through different published papers and different materials found on the internet and library, it has been analyzed that the role of government is very important in aviation safety. Air Commerce Act allowed the government to establish different air routes, air navigation systems, investigating in accidents, licensing pilots etc. These are the basic roles played by different governments of the world including the government of United States of America. Conclusion Providing military aircrafts has been one of the main businesses of Boeing and the main market for these crafts is the government. Therefore, it is very important for the company to have good relationships with them and realize the importance of providing high quality products to different governments because these aircrafts would be used in very sensitive areas. Also government needs to support and allow the company to be innovative in their approach so that they could come up with new and exciting products every now and then. Works Cited Boeing Historical Archives, 2009. â€Å"The Boeing Log Book†, various volumes, published by Boeing Historical Archives. PR News, 2010. â€Å"Boeing and Chinese Energy Officials Announce Sustainable Biofuel Initiatives. † 27, May 2010. PRNewsWire News Releases, Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. prnewswire. com/news- releases/boeing-and-chinese-energy-officials-announce-sustainable-biofuel-initiatives-95007509. html Press Release, 2010. â€Å"Boeing NewGen Tanker Win Would Bring 4,500 Jobs, $233 Million to California. † 27 May 2010. PRNewsWire United Business Media. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. prnewswire. com/news-releases/boeing-newgen-tanker-win-would-bring-4500-jobs-233-million-to-california-95036539. html The Boeing Company, 2010. Corporate Information Snapshots. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. corporateinformation. com/Company-Snapshot Boeing 787 first flight announced†. BBC, 27 August 2009. Boeing, 2010. â€Å"Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online†. Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from . Boeing Company. The Boeing Company. The Company, 1979 Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner. Boeing 777: The Technological Marvel. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2001 Robertson, D. 2006. â€Å"Airbus will lose â‚ ¬4. 8bn because of A380 delays†. London: The Times Business News. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article659591. ece.

Employees with work

The study will analyze he motivating factors that inspire employees to start working and why workers build a career with a small business. The investigation will also explore Job satisfaction and why do employees waste company time completing personal tasks at work. Data was analyzed to determine was there a relation among the variable. The result of the study decided whether the hypothesis(s) are supported or rejected.Final Project: Survey Methods Introduction This study was implemented to measure employees' motivational factors that include job satisfaction and employees' dedication to performing tasks at work and remaining loyal to their employer. The data collected would make a determination to what factors are successful, what factors need to be eliminated, and what factors should be put in practice in the future. The study was conducted by sending questionnaires to several small businesses in Greenville, MS. Several types of organizations were utilized that provided different t ype of service and products.The questionnaire had two parts. The first part of the questionnaire was utilized to measure factors that motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer, dedication to their Job, and Job satisfaction. The second part of the questionnaire measured do employees waste company time doing personal tasks. Management / Problem Statement Motivated employees assists organizations to operate efficiently. When employees are not properly motivated, worker are dissatisfied and have low moral. Workers not motivated properly also leads to low quality services and high Job turn over ratio, which leads to the loss of revenue.Motivated employees benefit all organizations. Workers that are inspired require less supervision from their managers. Manager's interaction will be more of co worker transaction verses a superior transaction. This incept would lead the workers to believe that the manager cares more about the employees, which in return will motivate the employee more. Purpose Statement The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that inspire workers employed by small businesses, with 5 years or less service and 5 years of more services, to remain loyal to their employer.Some small businesses do not have the benefit packages and the retirement plans to offer their employees. Managers of these organizations are faced with the challenge of motivating employees to make a career in their organization. This study will show what forces drives an employee to work or a small business and to make a career at the organization. RSI: (ONE SENTENCE) What motivates workers employed by small businesses, with 5 and less years of service and with 5 and more years of services, to remain loyal to their employer?Investigative Questions The investigative questions for this study Does boredom of not having anything to do in life motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does accomplishment motivate employees to remain loyal to their employ er? Does recognition motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does a salary motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does the fear of not finding another Job motivates employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does job satisfaction permits employer to remain loyal to their employer?Because employees are allowed to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Hypotheses (as needed for quantitative or mixed method research) The null hypotheses for this study: HOI : There is no relation between boredom of not having anything to do in life and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no relation between accomplishment and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no elation between recognition and employees remaining loyal to their employer HUH: There is no relation between salary and employees remaining loyal to their employer.HOST: There is no relation of the fear of not finding ano ther Job and employees remaining loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of Job satisfaction why employees remain loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of employees permitted to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Brief Theoretical Framework Brief Conceptual framework The study will be a descriptive research and a casual comparative study. Early theories of motivation and current theories of motivation will be utilized to explain the study.One of the early theories, Moscow Hierarchy of Needs, implies that employees are motivated based on needs being fulfilled such as biological, shelter (Moscow, 1954). One of the latest theory, The Four Drive Theory Models suggest that one of the reasons that employees are motivated because acquire and achieve (Lawrence and Naira,2002) Construct definitions and variables The variables that will be analyzed for this research study are the variables that motivates employees to re main loyal to the organization.The variables are boredom thou a Job, fear of not finding another Job, salary from the Job, accomplishment from the Job, recognition on the Job, Job satisfaction from the Job, and allowed to waste company time by completing personal tasks at work. Construct validity will occur as described as following: â€Å"is demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure are directly related to the variable itself Reflects how close the measure relates to the construct (height and weight example) in one sense, construct validity is achieved by repeatedly demonstrating every other type of validity' (Arbor, 2006).The variables will be measured utilizing the Liker Scale. The variables will be assigned a value of 1-5. After the variables are measured, the data will be analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Test. The study will show is there a correlation among the variables, how the dependent variables influence the dependent variables, and is there a relation among the two focus groups. Methodology Overview Quantitative study is appropriate for this research because it permits the researcher to list as following because it allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results.Quantitative study also allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies. The quantitative study also summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time (Pogo, 2007).Survey questionnaire will be utilized to the research study. The surve y will consist of 30 questions pertaining to workers' Job relation. The surveys will be emailed to the participants. The target population will consist of workers from small businesses. Organizations such as medical clinics, pharmacies, grocery stores, cleaners, and other small businesses. The participants will be chosen using purposive sample. After the surveys are received the data will be collected, analyzed, and transformed to Microsoft Excel. Each survey will be coded with an assigned number. Ordinal scale then will be used to measure ND validate the data.The data then will be calculated using SPAS software. The data then will be analyzed to either support or reject the hypothesis. Abridged Literature Review Discuss the key literature you have already searched on this topic†¦ Give us the highlights of previous research- 2 – 3 key authors or previous studies. One to two pages is enough. Taylor (1911) believed that motivating employees involved paying employees' wages and controlling the employees because workers do not enjoy working. Taylor and his colleagues discovered that motivation is significant component of comprehending human behavior.Taylor Motivation Theory was based on that employees will be motivating by awarding them with training on the Job, pay for outstanding Job performance, employee assortment method, and Job planning (Taylor, 1911). But scientists have a different aspect of motivation. Mayo (1933) & Rotisseries and Dickson (1929) stated research concluded that people social needs had to be met for employees to be motivated. Employees had to be treated as human beings and not Just workers. Workers not treated fairly resulted in low moral (Mayo, 1993, & Rotisseries & Dickson 1929). Moscow (1954) proposed that titivation were based on fives needs.The theory is known as Moscow Hierarchy of Needs. The theory is illustrated by using a pyramid with five levels. Moscow (1954) stated that when one level of need is satisfied, another le vel of need has to be satisfied for that person to continue to stay motivated. The needs then continue in cycle to keep the person motivated (Moscow, 1943). The five needs are as following: 1. â€Å"Physiological needs – home , food 2. Safety needs – security on the Job, protection 3. Social needs – clubs and membership societies, family. 4. Esteem needs – lifestyle, recognition, promotion, 5. Self-Actualization needs – successful† (Moscow, 1943 & Moscow, 1954).Herbert Motivation Theory is very significant in comprehending the relation between employers and employees. Herbert (1959) stated the factors that motivate people in their organization totally oppose what displease employees at work. The theory consists of two needs hygienic needs and motivation factors (Herbert, 1968). The hygienic needs are listed as following: 1 . Policy 2. Relationship with supervisor 3. Work conditions 4. Salary 5. Company car 6. Status 7. Security 8. Relationsh ip with subordinates 9. Personal life The motivation factors are as following: . Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Work itself 4. Responsibility 5.Advancement Herrings research concluded that money along was not a motivator. Salaries were ranked low as a factor that motivated employees to work. Employees want promotions and opportunity to advance in companies. The study also proposed that employees were more satisfied with opportunities and recognitions. Herbert Theory is considered one of the most important theories out of the motivation theories (Herbert, 1954, Herbert, 1968, & Gazelle, 1997). Current Work on Motivation Theories David McClellan, a psychologist, created the motivation need theory. McClellan believed Mascots theory was exhausted by people values and social issues.The research that the psychologist conducted concluded that Moscow theory was an assumption and not proven (Shih, 1999). The theory consists of three motivation needs. The three needs are as following: 1 . Achi evement motivation 2. Authority/power motivation 3. Affiliation motivation (McClellan, 1961). McClellan (1961) stated that achievement motivation is one of the major factors that motivate people. Employees that achieve success and become managers and build a career at a company are usually the ones that get things done (McClellan, 1961). Victory Broom developed a motivation theory in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory.The theory approached motivation from a different perspective from Moscow and Herbert (Broom, 1964). The theory is based on that the employees are motivated by rewards. The employees perform well because the results will result in better benefits. The employees are not motivated by individual performance, but by the results of the Jobs. The employees understand that skills, resources, and information are the essentials for better performance (Abdul-Zee, Airwomen, Dropout, 2011). Lawrence and Naira (2002) stated that employees are motivated ruptures wages and payment.T he perspective is known as the Four Drive Theory Model. The four drives are listed as following: 1 . Acquire and Achieve -base pay 2. Bond & Belong- company employee 3. Challenged and Comprehend- learning the Job 4. Define and Defend-company culture Sample Overview Population The population used for this research study will consist of workers that are employed by Small business owners. Several small businesses located in Greenville, MS will be used for the study. (House. Gob, 2013) Sampling frame Employees from various types of small businesses that offer different type of rodents and services.Workers with 5 and less years of service and workers with 5 and more years of service. Both genders also will be utilized for the study. In using 93 % with ay % margin of error, 200 participants have to be utilized. In using survey, the expected rate of return is about 10 %. To obtain this rate 2000 surveys will be e- mailed out (Pogo, 2007). Desired sample Purposive Sampling will be utilized to choose the members of the population. Purposive sampling is used because the researcher has knowledge of the small businesses in Greenville, MS (Pogo, 2007). Ethical ConsiderationsIn conducting a research study, researcher have to practice ethical principles. In using people to participate in a study to obtain personal information, examiners have to ensure the participants that their personal information will be protected. In conducting research some of the critical ethical questions related to my survey and my methodology and protecting participants are listed as following: 1 . What are the main ethical issues in a research study obtaining personal information from people? The researcher should ensure the safety of the participants. The research will not harm them in anyway.Also informed the participants that a consent form will be provided to them and is required to obtain information. Finally informed the participants that their information will be kept confidential (Groves et al. , 2009). 2. What are the components of an ethically valid informed consent for research? Major components of an ethically valid informed consent for research are listed as following: A. Disclosure. The participants must know what the research study is a about. B. Understanding. The participants must be able to comprehend the survey and allowed to ask questions about the study. C. Voluntaries.